Anatomy Overview Quiz

Definition: The branch of biology concerned with the structure of organisms and their parts.
Subdivisions:
- Gross Anatomy: Study of structures visible to the naked eye.
- Microscopic Anatomy: Study of structures at the cellular level (includes histology and cytology).

Chemical Level: Atoms and molecules (e.g., proteins, nucleic acids).
Cellular Level: Basic units of life (e.g., muscle cells, nerve cells).
Tissue Level: Groups of similar cells performing a specific function (four basic types: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous).
Organ Level: Structures made up of two or more tissue types (e.g., heart, lungs).
System Level: Groups of organs that work together (e.g., digestive system).
Organism Level: The total living entity.

Skeletal System: Provides structure, support, and protection; consists of bones and cartilage.
Muscular System: Facilitates movement; includes skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles.
Circulatory System: Transports blood, nutrients, gases; includes heart and blood vessels.
Respiratory System: Responsible for gas exchange; includes lungs and airways.
Digestive System: Breaks down food, absorbs nutrients; includes stomach and intestines.
Nervous System: Controls and coordinates bodily functions; consists of brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
Endocrine System: Regulates bodily functions through hormones; includes glands like thyroid and pituitary.
Integumentary System: Protects body, regulates temperature; includes skin, hair, nails.
Lymphatic System: Supports immune function and fluid balance; includes lymph nodes and vessels.
Urinary System: Eliminates waste, regulates fluid balance; includes kidneys and bladder.
Reproductive System: Produces offspring; includes male and female reproductive organs.

Directional Terms:
- Superior / Inferior: Above / Below
- Anterior / Posterior: Front / Back
- Medial / Lateral: Toward the midline / Away from midline
- Proximal / Distal: Closer to / Farther from the trunk
Planes of the Body:
- Sagittal Plane: Divides body into left and right parts.
- Coronal (Frontal) Plane: Divides body into anterior and posterior parts.
- Transverse (Horizontal) Plane: Divides body into superior and inferior parts.

Dorsal Cavity: Consists of cranial cavity (houses the brain) and spinal cavity (houses the spinal cord).
Ventral Cavity: Divided into thoracic cavity (houses heart and lungs) and abdominopelvic cavity (houses digestive organs and reproductive organs).

Types of Tissues:
- Epithelial tissue: Covers surfaces, lines cavities; important for absorption and secretion.
- Connective tissue: Provides support and structure; includes bone, adipose, blood.
- Muscle tissue: Responsible for movement; types include skeletal, cardiac, smooth.
- Nervous tissue: Transmits impulses; includes neurons and glial cells.

Pathological Anatomy: Study of structural changes caused by disease.
Radiographic Anatomy: Study of body structures as viewed through imaging techniques (X-rays, MRI).
Surgical Anatomy: Study of anatomical structures relevant to surgical procedures.

Anatomy is the study of the structure of organisms and their parts
Gross anatomy focuses on structures visible to the naked eye
Microscopic anatomy studies structures at the cellular level, including histology (study of tissues) and cytology (study of cells)

Chemical Level: Composed of atoms and molecules (e.g., proteins, nucleic acids)
Cellular Level: Basic units of life (e.g., muscle cells, nerve cells)
Tissue Level: Groups of similar cells working together (four types: epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous)
Organ Level: Structures made up of two or more tissue types (e.g., heart, lungs)
System Level: Groups of organs cooperating for a shared function (e.g., digestive system)
Organism Level: The complete, living being

Skeletal System: Provides framework, support, and protection; includes bones and cartilage
Muscular System: Enables movement; includes skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles
Circulatory System: Transports blood, nutrients, and gases; encompasses heart and blood vessels
Respiratory System: Responsible for gas exchange; includes lungs and airways
Digestive System: Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients; includes stomach and intestines
Nervous System: Controls and coordinates bodily functions; comprises brain, spinal cord, and nerves
Endocrine System: Regulates body functions through hormones; includes glands like the thyroid and pituitary
Integumentary System: Protects the body, regulates temperature; includes skin, hair, nails
Lymphatic System: Supports immune function, maintains fluid balance; includes lymph nodes and vessels
Urinary System: Eliminates waste, regulates fluid balance; includes kidneys and bladder
Reproductive System: Produces offspring; includes male and female reproductive organs

Directional Terms:
- Superior / Inferior: Above / Below
- Anterior / Posterior: Front / Back
- Medial / Lateral: Toward the midline / Away from midline
- Proximal / Distal: Closer to / Farther from the trunk
Planes of the Body:
- Sagittal Plane: Divides the body into left and right parts
- Coronal (Frontal) Plane: Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
- Transverse (Horizontal) Plane: Divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Dorsal Cavity: Houses the brain (cranial cavity) and spinal cord (spinal cavity)
Ventral Cavity: Further divided into the thoracic cavity (containing heart and lungs) and abdominopelvic cavity (houses digestive organs and reproductive organs)

Types of Tissues:
- Epithelial Tissue: Covers surfaces, lines cavities; essential for absorption and secretion
- Connective Tissue: Provides support and structure; includes bone, adipose (fat), and blood
- Muscle Tissue: Responsible for movement; includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle
- Nervous Tissue: Transmits impulses; includes neurons and glial cells

Pathological Anatomy: Studies structural changes caused by diseases
Radiographic Anatomy: Studies body structures visualized via imaging techniques (X-rays, MRI)
Surgical Anatomy: Focuses on anatomical structures relevant to surgical procedures