Anatomy of Urinary System

Which of the following structures is NOT an anterior relation of the right kidney?

Which nerve is NOT a posterior relation of the left kidney?

At which vertebral level does the renal artery arise from the aorta?

How many segmental arteries usually arise from each renal artery?

What is the name of the junction where the renal pelvis joins the ureter?

Which of the following is NOT a constriction along the course of the ureter?

What is the length of the ureter?

Which artery bifurcates as the ureter enters the pelvis?

What is the primary function of the kidneys?

What is the approximate weight of a normal kidney?

Why does the right kidney lie slightly lower than the left kidney?

What is the term for the vertical slit on the medial concave border of each kidney?

What is the outermost layer of the kidney?

What is the name of the cavity that the hilum extends into?

What is the name of the dark brown outer layer of the kidney?

What is the term for the upper expanded end of the ureter?

Kidneys

Kidneys are reddish-brown organs located behind the peritoneum
Functions: excrete waste products of metabolism, control water and electrolyte balance, and maintain acid-base balance in the blood
Normal kidney size: 12 x 6 x 3 cm, weighing approximately 130 g
Right kidney is slightly lower than the left due to the large size of the right lobe of the liver
Kidneys move downward by 2.5 cm during respiration

Structures of the Kidney

Hilum: a vertical slit on the medial concave border of each kidney
Renal sinus: a large cavity within the hilum
Structures transmitting through the hilum: renal vein, two branches of renal artery, ureter, and nerves
Coverings of the kidney: fibrous capsule, perirenal fat, renal fascia (Gerota's fascia), and pararenal fat
Renal structure: outer dark brown cortex and inner light brown medulla
Medulla composed of renal pyramids with renal columns of Bertin between adjacent pyramids

Relations of the Kidney

Anterior relations: suprarenal gland, liver (right kidney), duodenum, and right colic flexure
Posterior relations: diaphragm, 12th rib, psoas, quadratus lumborum, and transversus abdominis muscles
Left kidney relations: suprarenal gland, spleen, stomach, pancreas, left colic flexure, coils of jejunum, and diaphragm

Blood Supply of the Kidney

Renal artery: arises from the aorta at the level of L2 and divides into five segmental arteries
Segmental arteries branch into interlobar arteries, then into arcuate arteries, and finally into interlobular arteries
Interlobular arteries give off afferent glomerular arterioles

Ureter

Muscular tubes, 25 cm long, extending from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
Three constrictions: ureteropelvic junction, where it is kinked at the pelvic brim, and where it enters the pelvis
Clinically significant sites for urinary stone impaction during passage

This quiz covers the basics of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. It focuses on the structure and function of these organs.