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Questions and Answers
The ______ of a building can be complex.
The ______ of a building can be complex.
structure
Scientists study the ______ of different materials.
Scientists study the ______ of different materials.
structure
DNA has a double helix ______.
DNA has a double helix ______.
structure
Cells are the basic ______ of living organisms.
Cells are the basic ______ of living organisms.
The ______ of a novel includes the exposition, climax, and resolution.
The ______ of a novel includes the exposition, climax, and resolution.
A thyroid follicle is arranged in a specific ______.
A thyroid follicle is arranged in a specific ______.
The arrangement of thyroid follicles is crucial for their ______.
The arrangement of thyroid follicles is crucial for their ______.
Endocrinologists study the ______ of the thyroid follicle.
Endocrinologists study the ______ of the thyroid follicle.
The ______ of thyroid follicles affects hormone production.
The ______ of thyroid follicles affects hormone production.
In examining the thyroid gland, one must consider the ______ of its follicles.
In examining the thyroid gland, one must consider the ______ of its follicles.
Neuroendocrine reflexes have a ______ and endocrine pathway.
Neuroendocrine reflexes have a ______ and endocrine pathway.
The secretion of ______ is triggered by the adrenal medulla during stressful situations.
The secretion of ______ is triggered by the adrenal medulla during stressful situations.
Cortisol is increased at night and peaks in the early ______.
Cortisol is increased at night and peaks in the early ______.
The suprachiasmatic nucleus detects changes in ______ intensity.
The suprachiasmatic nucleus detects changes in ______ intensity.
Melatonin production increases tenfold when it is ______.
Melatonin production increases tenfold when it is ______.
Groups of animals that have breeding seasons during short days or winter seasons are called ______ day breeders.
Groups of animals that have breeding seasons during short days or winter seasons are called ______ day breeders.
Low concentrations of melatonin are linked to ______, depression, anxiety, and aggression.
Low concentrations of melatonin are linked to ______, depression, anxiety, and aggression.
The posterior pituitary gland is also known as the ______.
The posterior pituitary gland is also known as the ______.
The anterior pituitary gland is composed of the pars distalis and pars ______.
The anterior pituitary gland is composed of the pars distalis and pars ______.
The intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland is found in some ______.
The intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland is found in some ______.
The anterior pituitary gland is poorly ______.
The anterior pituitary gland is poorly ______.
POMC is cleaved to a-MSH and ______.
POMC is cleaved to a-MSH and ______.
A-MSH controls skin coloration of animals by changing the dispersion of the storage granules containing the ______ pigment.
A-MSH controls skin coloration of animals by changing the dispersion of the storage granules containing the ______ pigment.
The anterior pituitary gland is also known as the ______ gland.
The anterior pituitary gland is also known as the ______ gland.
FSH stimulates growth and development of ______ follicles.
FSH stimulates growth and development of ______ follicles.
LH is important for ______, where release of oocytes occurs from mature follicles.
LH is important for ______, where release of oocytes occurs from mature follicles.
Lactotropes produce ______.
Lactotropes produce ______.
Somatotropes produce the ______ hormone.
Somatotropes produce the ______ hormone.
Corticotropes are important in ______ secretion.
Corticotropes are important in ______ secretion.
Thyrotropes produce ______.
Thyrotropes produce ______.
Vasopressin is an anti-diuretic ______.
Vasopressin is an anti-diuretic ______.
[Blank]: functions in water retention in the kidneys.
[Blank]: functions in water retention in the kidneys.
The nephron is the fundamental unit of ______ where filtration happens.
The nephron is the fundamental unit of ______ where filtration happens.
SIADH stands for Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic ______ secretion.
SIADH stands for Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic ______ secretion.
When blood vessels or arteries are constricted ______ pressure will increase.
When blood vessels or arteries are constricted ______ pressure will increase.
Oxytocin is important in ______ and lactation.
Oxytocin is important in ______ and lactation.
Stretching of the cervix during labor will trigger release of ______.
Stretching of the cervix during labor will trigger release of ______.
Oxytocin release in lactation will trigger release of ______ milk.
Oxytocin release in lactation will trigger release of ______ milk.
In SIADH, the body retains too much ______.
In SIADH, the body retains too much ______.
Diabetes insipidus is mainly due to hypo secretion of ______.
Diabetes insipidus is mainly due to hypo secretion of ______.
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Study Notes
Anterior Pituitary Gland
- Poorly vascularized and secretes MSH
- Also known as the master gland, controlling the production and secretion of other hormones
- Cells in the anterior pituitary gland make their own hormone, with different types of cells producing different hormones
- Gonadotropes produce hormones responsible for ovulation, such as FSH and LH
- Somatotropes produce growth hormone, functioning for the growth of the body
- Lactotropes produce prolactin, stimulating mammary glands to produce milk
- Corticotropes produce adrenocorticotropic hormone, important for cortisol secretion and growth of adrenal cortex
- Thyrotropes produce TSH, regulating thyroid hormone secretion and growth of the thyroid gland
Neuroendocrine Reflexes
- Combination of neural and endocrine pathways
- Example: secretion of epinephrine by the adrenal medulla during stressful situations, triggered by the sympathetic nervous system
Biological Rhythms
- Cortisol levels increase at night and peak in the early morning, decreasing during the day
- Cortisol is used as a stress hormone, preparing the body for stresses during the day
- Regulated by light intensity, with detection by the suprachiasmatic nucleus
Pineal Gland
- Regulates melatonin production, triggered by changes in light intensity
- Melatonin helps with sleep, with increased production in the dark
- Melatonin is produced from the precursor tryptophan
Vertebrate Endocrine System
- Mediobasal hypothalamus: important for short day breeders, with melatonin triggering the release of GnRH, FSH, and LH
- Pineal gland serves as an inhibitor gland for the hypothalamus in long day breeders
Pituitary Gland
- Posterior pituitary gland: neurohypophysis, with a neural connection to the hypothalamus
- Anterior pituitary gland: adenohypophysis, with a vascular link to the hypothalamus
- Intermediate lobe: found in some animals, with vasopressin (arginine vasotocin) function
Vasopressin
- Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), functioning in water retention in the kidneys
- Increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to increased blood pressure
- Also functions in anterior constriction, increasing blood pressure
SIADH
- Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, causing water retention and hyponatremia
- Clinical manifestations include edema, weight gain, hypertension, and dilutional hyponatremia
Oxytocin
- Hormone of love, important in labor and lactation
- Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk letdown during lactation
- Also involved in social bindings, partner preference, maternal behavior, and social cognitions
- Low levels of oxytocin are linked to autism, anxiety, and difficulty with social interactions
Thyroid Gland
- Functions in metabolism and developmental processes, such as the transformation of tadpoles to adult frogs
- Thyroid hormone is essential for growth and development
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