40 Questions
The ______ of a building can be complex.
structure
Scientists study the ______ of different materials.
structure
DNA has a double helix ______.
structure
Cells are the basic ______ of living organisms.
structure
The ______ of a novel includes the exposition, climax, and resolution.
structure
A thyroid follicle is arranged in a specific ______.
manner
The arrangement of thyroid follicles is crucial for their ______.
function
Endocrinologists study the ______ of the thyroid follicle.
arrangement
The ______ of thyroid follicles affects hormone production.
structure
In examining the thyroid gland, one must consider the ______ of its follicles.
arrangement
Neuroendocrine reflexes have a ______ and endocrine pathway.
neural
The secretion of ______ is triggered by the adrenal medulla during stressful situations.
epinephrine
Cortisol is increased at night and peaks in the early ______.
morning
The suprachiasmatic nucleus detects changes in ______ intensity.
light
Melatonin production increases tenfold when it is ______.
dark
Groups of animals that have breeding seasons during short days or winter seasons are called ______ day breeders.
short
Low concentrations of melatonin are linked to ______, depression, anxiety, and aggression.
psychosis
The posterior pituitary gland is also known as the ______.
neurohypophysis
The anterior pituitary gland is composed of the pars distalis and pars ______.
tuberalis
The intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland is found in some ______.
animals
The anterior pituitary gland is poorly ______.
vascularized
POMC is cleaved to a-MSH and ______.
b-MSH
A-MSH controls skin coloration of animals by changing the dispersion of the storage granules containing the ______ pigment.
melanin
The anterior pituitary gland is also known as the ______ gland.
master
FSH stimulates growth and development of ______ follicles.
ovarian
LH is important for ______, where release of oocytes occurs from mature follicles.
ovulation
Lactotropes produce ______.
prolactin
Somatotropes produce the ______ hormone.
growth
Corticotropes are important in ______ secretion.
cortisol
Thyrotropes produce ______.
TSH
Vasopressin is an anti-diuretic ______.
hormone
[Blank]: functions in water retention in the kidneys.
ADH
The nephron is the fundamental unit of ______ where filtration happens.
kidneys
SIADH stands for Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic ______ secretion.
hormone
When blood vessels or arteries are constricted ______ pressure will increase.
blood
Oxytocin is important in ______ and lactation.
labor
Stretching of the cervix during labor will trigger release of ______.
oxytocin
Oxytocin release in lactation will trigger release of ______ milk.
breast
In SIADH, the body retains too much ______.
water
Diabetes insipidus is mainly due to hypo secretion of ______.
ADH
Study Notes
Anterior Pituitary Gland
- Poorly vascularized and secretes MSH
- Also known as the master gland, controlling the production and secretion of other hormones
- Cells in the anterior pituitary gland make their own hormone, with different types of cells producing different hormones
- Gonadotropes produce hormones responsible for ovulation, such as FSH and LH
- Somatotropes produce growth hormone, functioning for the growth of the body
- Lactotropes produce prolactin, stimulating mammary glands to produce milk
- Corticotropes produce adrenocorticotropic hormone, important for cortisol secretion and growth of adrenal cortex
- Thyrotropes produce TSH, regulating thyroid hormone secretion and growth of the thyroid gland
Neuroendocrine Reflexes
- Combination of neural and endocrine pathways
- Example: secretion of epinephrine by the adrenal medulla during stressful situations, triggered by the sympathetic nervous system
Biological Rhythms
- Cortisol levels increase at night and peak in the early morning, decreasing during the day
- Cortisol is used as a stress hormone, preparing the body for stresses during the day
- Regulated by light intensity, with detection by the suprachiasmatic nucleus
Pineal Gland
- Regulates melatonin production, triggered by changes in light intensity
- Melatonin helps with sleep, with increased production in the dark
- Melatonin is produced from the precursor tryptophan
Vertebrate Endocrine System
- Mediobasal hypothalamus: important for short day breeders, with melatonin triggering the release of GnRH, FSH, and LH
- Pineal gland serves as an inhibitor gland for the hypothalamus in long day breeders
Pituitary Gland
- Posterior pituitary gland: neurohypophysis, with a neural connection to the hypothalamus
- Anterior pituitary gland: adenohypophysis, with a vascular link to the hypothalamus
- Intermediate lobe: found in some animals, with vasopressin (arginine vasotocin) function
Vasopressin
- Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH), functioning in water retention in the kidneys
- Increases water reabsorption in the kidneys, leading to increased blood pressure
- Also functions in anterior constriction, increasing blood pressure
SIADH
- Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion, causing water retention and hyponatremia
- Clinical manifestations include edema, weight gain, hypertension, and dilutional hyponatremia
Oxytocin
- Hormone of love, important in labor and lactation
- Stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk letdown during lactation
- Also involved in social bindings, partner preference, maternal behavior, and social cognitions
- Low levels of oxytocin are linked to autism, anxiety, and difficulty with social interactions
Thyroid Gland
- Functions in metabolism and developmental processes, such as the transformation of tadpoles to adult frogs
- Thyroid hormone is essential for growth and development
This quiz covers the structure and organization of the thyroid gland, including the arrangement of thyroid follicles. Test your knowledge of human anatomy and the thyroid gland's composition.
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