Anatomy of Thoracic and Abdominal Cavities
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following structures forms the cranial thoracic opening?

  • First pair of ribs laterally (correct)
  • Manubrium sterni ventrally (correct)
  • Second thoracic vertebrae dorsally
  • Diaphragm

    • What is the primary muscle responsible for respiration that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities?

  • Diaphragm (correct)
  • Pectoralis major
  • Intercostal muscles
  • Rectus abdominis

    • What type of membrane lines the abdominal cavity and covers the organs within it?

  • Fibrous membrane
  • Synovial membrane
  • Serous membrane (correct)
  • Mucous membrane

    • Which of the following is NOT a major opening of the diaphragm?

    <p>Bile duct opening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The pelvic cavity is bounded by which of the following structures?

    <p>Two hip bones and first two caudal vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the parietal layer of serous membrane in body cavities?

    <p>Lines the walls of body cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT included in the thoracic cavity?

    <p>Kidneys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following organs is NOT contained within the abdominal cavity?

    <p>Rectum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do buccal papillae primarily serve in ruminants?

    <p>Promote backwards movement of food</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical feature replaces upper incisors in ruminants?

    <p>Dental pad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the hard palate does the median palatine groove occur?

    <p>Symmetrical halves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many transverse palatine ridges can typically be found in ruminants?

    <p>15-19</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mucosa is found in the caudal third of the hard palate in ruminants?

    <p>Glandular mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is NOT part of the tongue's anatomy?

    <p>Frenulum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of papillae on the tongue are involved in mechanical functions?

    <p>Filiform papillae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tongue papillae is primarily responsible for taste sensation?

    <p>Fungiform papillae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary shape of the sublingual floor of the oral cavity?

    <p>Crescent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What anatomical function does the tongue NOT participate in?

    <p>Respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which animal's hard palate exhibits a median palatine groove?

    <p>Ruminants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main component of the tongue is composed of what type of tissue?

    <p>Muscular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the ducts of the mandibular and monostomatic sublingual salivary glands open?

    <p>Sublingual caruncles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features is characteristic of the hard palate in dogs?

    <p>Narrow rostrally and wide caudally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of shape do the apex of ruminants exhibit?

    <p>Pointed apex with round border</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is absent in dogs and ruminants regarding the tongue anatomy?

    <p>Lentiform papillae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the genioglossus muscle?

    <p>To draw the tongue rostroventrally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve provides motor innervation to the tongue muscles?

    <p>Hypoglossal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which intrinsic muscle arrangement allows for alteration in the shape of the tongue?

    <p>Longitudinal, perpendicular, and transverse fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a role of the hyoglossus muscle?

    <p>Draw the tongue caudally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the blood supply of the tongue primarily delivered?

    <p>Lingual and sublingual arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of papillae are primarily involved in gustation on the tongue?

    <p>Fungiform papillae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of muscles supports and elevates the tongue?

    <p>Dorsal group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The function of the styloglossus muscle is to:

    <p>Shorten and elevate the apex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for taste sensation in the caudal third of the tongue?

    <p>Lingual branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the lymph vessels of the tongue primarily end?

    <p>Mandibular and retropharyngeal lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the hyoid bone?

    <p>Frontal bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of the mylohyoideus muscle?

    <p>Support and elevate the tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the serous membrane in relation to organ movement?

    <p>To facilitate movement of the organs by serous fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the peritoneum lines the body wall?

    <p>Parietal layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What connects the greater curvature of the stomach with the dorsal abdominal wall?

    <p>Greater omentum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered an accessory organ of the digestive system?

    <p>Esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the oral cavity is bounded by the cheeks and molar teeth?

    <p>Buccal vestibule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the buccinator muscle in the oral cavity?

    <p>To return food to the central cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In large ruminants, what does the upper lip form?

    <p>Nasolabial plate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a function of serous membranes?

    <p>Facilitate movement of organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component of the oral cavity floor?

    <p>Tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the opening that connects the nasal and oral cavities?

    <p>Incisive canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What connects the intestine with the dorsal abdominal wall?

    <p>Mesentery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is primarily responsible for the mobility of the upper lip in certain animal species?

    <p>Orbicularis oris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lining of the oral cavity is primarily composed of which type of tissue?

    <p>Epithelial tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of peritoneal fluid?

    <p>To reduce friction between organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for pulling the hyoid bone and larynx caudally?

    <p>Sternohyoideus muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of saliva during the digestion process?

    <p>To initiate starch hydrolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following salivary glands is classified as a major salivary gland?

    <p>Parotid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where do the minor salivary glands primarily provide moisture?

    <p>Specific regions in the mouth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure does the tendon of insertion of the stylohyoideus muscle perforate for passage?

    <p>Intermediate tendon of the digastricus muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle originates from the paracondylar process and acts on the stylohyoid bone?

    <p>Occipitohyoideus muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the Omohyoideus muscle's origin in different species?

    <p>It is absent in carnivores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dorsal buccal glands are generally known as which gland?

    <p>Zygomatic gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which salivary gland takes on a long narrow triangular shape in cattle?

    <p>Parotid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the mandibular duct described in the context of different species?

    <p>Its position varies significantly across species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of secretion does the major salivary glands primarily produce?

    <p>Both serous and mucous secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle primarily connects the keratohyoid bones?

    <p>Hyoideus transversus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical feature does the parotid salivary gland embrace in horses?

    <p>Base of the ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the soft palate during swallowing?

    <p>It separates the pharynx into nasopharynx and oropharynx.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles are responsible for raising the soft palate toward the cranium?

    <p>Levator veli palatini and tensor veli palatini</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is not part of the pharynx's division?

    <p>Maxillopharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the pharyngeal tonsil located?

    <p>In the roof of the nasopharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the constrictor muscles of the pharynx primarily responsible for?

    <p>Facilitating swallowing by constricting the pharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the palatopharyngeal arches associated with?

    <p>Connecting the soft palate to the pharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the pharynx is true?

    <p>It connects the oral cavity with the esophagus and the nasal cavity with the larynx.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the soft palate position itself when the animal breathes through the nose?

    <p>It comes into contact with the root of the tongue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelium lines the nasopharynx?

    <p>Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary risk associated with the design of the upper aerodigestive tract?

    <p>Choking from food entering the respiratory tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function does the palatinus muscle serve?

    <p>Shortening the soft palate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the laryngeopharynx?

    <p>It is the common passage for both digestive and respiratory systems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelium is found in the oropharynx?

    <p>Stratified squamous epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical structure lies adjacent to the pharynx?

    <p>Esophagus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of stomach do dogs possess?

    <p>Simple unilocular stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which opening connects the esophagus to the stomach?

    <p>Cardiac opening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the fore stomach in ruminants?

    <p>Biological digestion of cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of stomach has both glandular and non-glandular parts?

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure facilitates the storage of food in the stomach?

    <p>Fundus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the pyloric sphincter?

    <p>Control the exit of food from the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the ruminant stomach is most directly involved in the fermentation process?

    <p>Rumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ligament connects the stomach to the spleen?

    <p>Gastrosplenic ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature distinguishes the stomach of the horse from that of the dog?

    <p>Compound structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies blood to the stomach from the celiac trunk?

    <p>Splenic artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the ruminant stomach is lined with glandular epithelium?

    <p>Abomasum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many compartments does the stomach of ruminants have?

    <p>Four</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the gastric glands in the stomach?

    <p>Produce gastric acid and enzymes for digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which curvature of the stomach is concave?

    <p>Lesser curvature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the paired openings of the auditory tubes?

    <p>Allow air pressure on the eardrum to be equalized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle acts as a sphincter for the nasopharynx?

    <p>Palatopharyngeus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the origin of the Thyropharyngeus muscle?

    <p>Thyroid cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tonsil is located in the roof of the nasopharynx?

    <p>Pharyngeal tonsil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which segment follows the cervical part of the esophagus?

    <p>Thoracic part</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle of mastication occupies the temporal fossa?

    <p>Temporalis muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary blood supply for the cervical part of the esophagus?

    <p>Common carotid arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure connects the oral cavity to the oropharynx?

    <p>Aditus pharyngeus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the muscles of the pharynx during swallowing?

    <p>They are striated bilateral muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the abdominal part of the esophagus terminate?

    <p>Cardiac region of the stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle originates from the jugular process caudal to the temporomandibular joint?

    <p>Digastricus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the stylopharyngeus caudalis during swallowing?

    <p>Dilate the pharynx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are paraepiglottic tonsils located on?

    <p>Base of the epiglottis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the papillae on the ruminal mucosa?

    <p>To increase the surface area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are papillae absent in the rumen?

    <p>Pillers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of the reticulum that gives it a honeycomb appearance?

    <p>Interconnected primary and secondary crests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What clinical condition can occur due to penetrating foreign bodies in the reticulum?

    <p>Traumatic reticulo-pericarditis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the omasum?

    <p>It lies above the abomasum on the right side of the abdominal cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What controls the closure of the omaso-abomasal opening?

    <p>Vela abomasica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the small intestine from the large intestine?

    <p>Smaller diameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the duodenum is characterized by the presence of the cranial flexure?

    <p>Cranial part</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the physiological closure of the gastric groove in newborn animals?

    <p>Direct feeding through the groove</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of mucosa does the abomasum possess?

    <p>Glandular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What arteries primarily supply blood to the ruminant stomach?

    <p>Celiac artery branches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the torus pyloricus?

    <p>To control the pyloric opening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure forms the connection between the omasum and the reticulum?

    <p>Reticulo-omasal opening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure lies beneath the omasum in the abdominal cavity?

    <p>Rumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the largest gland in the body?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the liver is divided into a caudate lobe dorsally and a quadrate lobe ventrally?

    <p>Middle lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which type of animal is the gall bladder absent?

    <p>Horse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What connects the lesser curvature of the stomach to the hepatic porta?

    <p>Hepato-gastric ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the pancreas in horses is correct?

    <p>It has a large body perforated by the portal vein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the bile duct?

    <p>Cystic duct and hepatic duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the shape of the pancreas?

    <p>V-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is noted for being absent in the liver of dogs?

    <p>Gall bladder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the accessory pancreatic duct open?

    <p>Minor duodenal papilla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the functions of the hepatic porta?

    <p>Divides liver lobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ligament connects the right lobe of the liver to the right kidney?

    <p>Hepatorenal ligament</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lobe is undivided in both horses and ruminants?

    <p>Right lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does liver weight relate to age?

    <p>Decreases with age</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what part of the body is the gall bladder located in ruminants?

    <p>Visceral surface of the liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the descending colon from the jejunum in ruminants?

    <p>Higher fat content in mesentery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many loops does the ascending colon form in ruminants?

    <p>Three</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the rectal ampulla in the rectum?

    <p>Act as a secretion reservoir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the anal canal contains the anal glands?

    <p>Columnar zone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which artery supplies blood to the intestine?

    <p>Cranial mesenteric artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the spiral loop in the ascending colon of ruminants?

    <p>Presence of centripetal and centrifugal turns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The descending colon is primarily located in which part of the abdomen?

    <p>Dorsal left part</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the descending colon as it enters the pelvis?

    <p>Becames the sigmoid colon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is unique about the centrifugal turns in small ruminants?

    <p>They appear segmented like a pearl string</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The internal anal sphincter is classified as which type of muscle?

    <p>Involuntary smooth muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature allows for a considerable range of movement during rectal palpation?

    <p>Dilated rectal ampulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the loose connection between the anal canal and the rectum?

    <p>Anorectal line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical significance of the anal sacs in dogs?

    <p>They can become abscessed if blocked</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the digestive system does the transverse colon connect to?

    <p>Descending colon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the jejunum in dogs and horses?

    <p>It is large with few loops, allowing for extensive motility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the cecum of a horse?

    <p>It has a comma-like shape and is very large.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of taenia in the horse's cecum and colon?

    <p>To increase the surface area of these organs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What separates the jejunum and ileum in the small intestine?

    <p>Jejunoileal junction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which animal is the mesojejunum particularly long, contributing to higher motility?

    <p>Horses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the colon in dogs lacks taenia?

    <p>All parts of the colon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ileum connects to which part of the large intestine?

    <p>Cecum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which anatomical feature is characteristic of the ascending colon in horses?

    <p>It doubles on itself to form large loops.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the ileal papilla in horses?

    <p>It contains a venous plexus due to telescopy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the jejunum differ in ruminants compared to dogs and horses?

    <p>It is tightly coiled along the edge of the mesentery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three parts of the colon in dogs?

    <p>Ascending, transverse, descending</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key structural feature of the horse's colon?

    <p>Presence of taenia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if the coils of the jejunum reach the scrotum in horses?

    <p>They can lead to torsion or hernia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What shape characterizes the dog’s cecum?

    <p>Long and screw-like.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is NOT part of the large intestine?

    <p>Jejunum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Body Cavities and Serous Membranes

    • Body cavities are compartments of the body, including the thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, and pelvic cavity.
    • The thoracic cavity houses thoracic organs (lungs, heart, pericardium, parts of esophagus and trachea, thoracic lymph ducts, thymus).
    • The thoracic inlet (cranial thoracic opening) is formed by the first pair of ribs, first thoracic vertebrae, and manubrium sterni.
    • The diaphragm closes the caudal thoracic opening.
    • The abdominal cavity is the space between the diaphragm and pelvic cavity, containing abdominal viscera (stomach, intestine, liver, spleen) and peritoneum.
    • The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities, playing a crucial role in respiration.
    • The diaphragm has three major openings: aortic hiatus, esophageal hiatus, and vena cava orifice.
    • The diaphragm's structure includes a central tendinous part and a peripheral muscular part, further subdivided into costal, sternal, and lumbar parts, with the lumbar part consisting of a long right crus and a short left crus .
    • The pelvic cavity is bounded by the hip bones and the first two caudal vertebrae, housing the rectum, anal canal, and pelvic parts of the urinary and reproductive systems.
    • Serous membranes line the body cavities (thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic).
    • The parietal layer of serous membrane lines the wall of the cavity, while the visceral layer covers the organs within.
    • These layers are connected by intermediate membranes named for the organ (e.g., mesoileum, mesocolon, pulmonary ligament).
    • Serous membranes include peritoneum, pleura, and pericardium.
    • Functions of serous membranes include suspension of organs, facilitating organ movement via serous fluid, and providing a medium for blood vessels and nerves.
    • Peritoneum is a translucent serous membrane with a smooth surface releasing peritoneal fluid to reduce friction during organ movement.

    Oral Cavity

    • The oral cavity is the first part of the digestive tract, bounded rostrally by the lips, laterally by the cheeks, and caudally by the aditus pharyngeus.
    • The hard palate forms the roof and the upper dental arch forms part of the roof of the oral cavity proper.
    • The floor is formed by the tongue and lower dental arch.
    • The oral vestibule (between lips/cheeks and teeth) includes the labial and buccal vestibules.
    • The oral cavity proper (behind the interdental space) is surrounded by the dental arches and by the hard palate.

    Lips, Cheeks, and Gum

    • Upper lips are mobile in some species (horse, small ruminants, carnivores) but immobile in others (large ruminants, pigs).
    • The nasolabial plate is a feature of the upper lip in large ruminants, while the philtrum is a median fissure in small ruminants and carnivores extending to the nostrils.
    • Cheeks (buccae) are most capacious in herbivores, supported by the buccinator muscle.
    • Additional salivary glands may be present (zygomatic gland in dogs).
    • Gum is a smooth mucous membrane attached to the alveolar processes of the jaws.
    • Ruminants have a dental pad instead of upper incisors.

    Hard Palate

    • The hard palate forms the roof of the oral cavity and the floor of the nasal cavity, composed of bony and membranous parts.
    • Variations in the hard palate exist between species regarding width, median structure, number and arrangement of palatine ridges, and the presence or absence of incisive papilla and glandular tissue.

    Tongue

    • The tongue is a mobile, muscular organ crucial for prehension, lapping, grooming, manipulating food, mastication, and deglutition.
    • The tongue has an apex, body, and root and consists of striated muscles, connective tissue, adipose tissue, glands, and a thick mucous membrane.
    • The mucous membrane of the tongue's dorsal surface is thicker and tougher due to cornification.
    • Mechanical papillae (filiform, conical, lenticular) and chemical (gustatory) papillae (fungiform, vallate, foliate) are present.

    Pharynx

    • The pharynx is a funnel-shaped chamber connecting the oral cavity to the esophagus and the nasal cavity to the larynx.
    • The pharynx has three parts: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
    • The nasopharynx is located dorsal to the soft palate and connects to the nasal cavity.
    • Oropharynx extends from the pharyngeal entrance to the epiglottis.
    • Laryngopharynx is the common digestive and respiratory channel.
    • The walls of the pharynx are lined with mucous membrane with different types of epithelium depending on the part of the pharynx (respiratory epithelium in nasopharynx, stratified squamous epithelium in other parts).
    • The pharynx has openings for paired chonae, auditory tubes, aditus pharyngeus, aditus laryngeus, and aditus esophageus.
    • Lymphatic organs such as tonsils are present in the pharynx.

    Muscles of the Tongue, Hyoid Bone, and Mastication

    • Lingual/glossal muscles (intrinsic and extrinsic) alter tongue shape and position.
    • Extrinsic muscles include genioglossus (moves tongue rostroventrally), hyoglossus (moves tongue caudally), and styloglossus (shortens and elevates tongue apex).
    • Hyoid bone is important for tongue and larynx movements.
    • Muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, pterygoideus medialis and lateralis, digastricus) are responsible for chewing.

    Stomach

    • The stomach is a musculo-membranous sac between the esophagus and duodenum, storing and initiating digestion of food.
    • Stomach types vary based on the nature of their mucosa (simple or compound) and the number of compartments (unilocular or multilocular) .
    • Key features of the stomach include two surfaces, two curvatures, and two openings.

    Intestines, Rectum, and Anal Canal

    • The intestine consists of the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum) and the large intestine (cecum, colon, rectum).
    • The small intestine has a smaller diameter and intestinal villi compared to the large intestine, aiding in absorption.
    • The large intestine consists of the ascending, transverse, and descending colon and the rectum.
    • Variations exist in the number, size, and shape of the cecum, colon, ileum, rectum, and anal canal based on the species
    • The rectum transitions to the anal canal, marked by anorectal and anocutaneous lines, often differing in morphology across species.
    • Anal sacs are present in some species(dog)

    Accessory Glands (Liver and Pancreas)

    • The liver is the largest gland, with lobation varying morphologically among species (horse, ruminants, dogs).
    • Bile passes from the liver via the hepatic, cystic, and common bile ducts to the duodenum, or sometimes in the case of the bovine to the duodenum.
    • The pancreas consists of a body and limbs, whose shape and length vary according to the species.
    • The pancreas has ducts that deliver digestive enzymes to the duodenum and is often in close proximity to the duodenum, the pancreas receive parasympathetic and sympathetic innervations.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the thoracic and abdominal cavities. This quiz covers key structures, functions, and distinctions related to these essential body areas. Assess your understanding of respiration and the related membranes.

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