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Questions and Answers
Which of the following structures is primarily responsible for resonance during speech production?
Which articulatory structure is responsible for the production of velar consonants, such as /k/ and /g/?
What is the primary function of the pharyngeal cavity during speech production?
Which articulatory structure is primarily responsible for the production of alveolar consonants, such as /t/ and /d/?
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What is the role of the nasal cavities in the production of nasal consonants, such as /m/ and /n/?
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Which articulatory structure is primarily responsible for the production of bilabial consonants, such as /p/ and /b/?
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What is the primary function of the tongue body during speech production?
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Which articulatory structure is primarily responsible for the production of palatal consonants, such as /j/ and /ʃ/?
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What is the role of the vocal folds in the production of voiced consonants, such as /b/ and /d/?
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Which articulatory structure is primarily responsible for the production of dental consonants, such as /θ/ and /ð/?
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Study Notes
Articulatory System
- The oral and nasal cavities are separated by the hard palate and soft palate
- The three cavities (pharyngeal, nasal, and oral) are known as the vocal tract, involving both articulation and resonance
Articulators
- Include lips, jaw, tongue, pharyngeal wall, and soft palate
- These structures perform movements during speech production
Fixed Structures
- Include hard palate, alveolar ridge, and teeth
- These fixed structures are contacted by articulators during speech production
Oral Cavity
- Comprises muscle, mucus membrane, and fat, covered with skin
- Muscles of the lips provide a great deal of mobility, flexibility, and speed of motion
- Important for chewing, keeping food and liquids inside the mouth
Teeth
- Adults have 32 teeth, which are immovable articulators
- Important for biting, chewing food, cutting, and speech production
- Form connections with the tongue to produce sounds and channel air flow
- Occlusion refers to the dental arches and positioning of teeth
- Malocclusion refers to problems in upper or lower dental arches and positioning
Hard Palate
- A complex bony structure comprising the roof of the oral cavity and the floor of the nasal cavity
- Serves as a barrier between the two cavities, preventing food, air, and sound waves from escaping
Alveolar Ridge
- The point of contact of the tongue for producing many sounds
Soft Palate
- Posterior to the hard palate, containing no bones, and made primarily of muscle
- Also known as the velum, which allows it to move
- The velum hangs down into the pharynx at rest
- Velopharyngeal port is the passageway between the velum and the posterior pharyngeal wall
- When open, air and sound waves move freely through the nasal cavities
- When closed, food, air, and sound waves are prevented from entering the nasal cavities
Tongue
- Has a great degree of flexibility and speed in movements
- Important for chewing, swallowing, and speaking
- Modifies the shape and resonance characteristics of the oral cavity
- Reaches adult size by age 16
- Tongue movements include horizontal (forward-backward), vertical (upward-downward), and concave-convex shapes in relation to the palate
Pharyngeal Cavity
- A long hollow tube made of muscle and connective tissue
- Runs behind the oral and nasal cavities and behind the larynx
- Plays a crucial role in many functions, including swallowing, respiration, and speech
- Important for resonance in speech
Nasal Cavities
- Formed by fusions of bones of the skull
- Divided into two cavities by the nasal septum
- Lined with small hairs to filter inhaled air
- Important for resonating nasal sounds
Voicing
- Consonants can be described as voiced or voiceless
- Voiced sounds are produced with vocal fold vibration
- Voiceless sounds are produced without vocal fold vibration
- Examples: /bay/-/pay/, /van/-/fan/, /dip/-/tip/
- Cognates are phonemes that differ only in voicing
Vowels
- Articulation can be described with respect to tongue position and lip position
- Tongue position is specified along two dimensions: front-back, low-high
- All vowels are voiced
- Vowels can be placed in a format called the vowel quadrilateral
- Vertical plane: low-high
- Horizontal plane: front-back
- Back vowels are produced with lip rounding (who’d, hood)
- Front vowels are not produced with lip rounding (heat, hate)
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Description
Explore the anatomy of the vocal tract, including the pharyngeal, nasal, and oral cavities. Learn about the articulatory system and the structures involved in articulation and resonance.
