Anatomy of the Urinary System Quiz

The functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood and producing urine.

A tightly bound network of capillaries within the renal corpuscle where blood is filtered.

The outer layer of the kidney, containing millions of renal tubules.

The inner layer of the kidney, containing the renal pyramids.

They control body fluid levels, regulate blood pH, and remove waste.

The cup-shaped structure that receives urine from the renal pyramids before it drains into the renal pelvis.

A notch on the inner border of the kidney where blood vessels, nerves, and the ureter enter and exit.

Procedure where a catheter is inserted into the renal artery to evaluate blood supply to the kidneys. Contrast is injected to visualize the renal artery.

A procedure where a nylon brush is used to obtain specimens from the renal pelvis or calyces during a cystoscopy.

A procedure where a scope is passed into the bladder to visualize the interior and collect samples or treat conditions.

A procedure where access to the urinary tract is gained through the skin to directly visualize the upper urinary structures.

Procedure used to evaluate the kidney's venous drainage.

The presence of erythrocytes (red blood cells) in the urine.

Kidney stones, also known as renal calculi, are solid masses that form in the kidneys.

The presence of ketone bodies in the urine, often due to excessive breakdown of fatty acids.

White blood cells in the urine, typically indicating an infection in the urinary tract.

The density of urine compared to water, reflecting the patient's hydration status.

A blood test that measures the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood, reflecting the kidney's ability to filter waste products.

A blood test that measures the amount of creatinine in the blood, a by-product of muscle breakdown, which is primarily filtered by the kidneys.

Inflammation of the glomeruli, the filtering units of the kidneys.

Infection of the kidney.

Damage to the tubules of the nephron, the functional unit of the kidney.

The difference in diameter between the afferent and efferent arterioles controls the rate of glomerular filtration.

A cup-like structure that surrounds the glomerulus, where blood is filtered.

The long, winding tube in the kidney where filtered fluid travels and is processed into urine.

The process of taking back valuable substances (water, glucose, ions) from the filtered fluid and returning them to the blood.

The process of adding unwanted substances (waste products, drugs) from the blood to the filtered fluid.

A microscopic structure located near the glomerulus, responsible for regulating blood pressure and filtration rate.

An enzyme released by the JGA when blood pressure drops, triggering a chain reaction to increase blood pressure.

The final stage of urine formation, where water and electrolytes are adjusted to create the final urine concentration.

The three steps involved in urine production: Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion.

Creatinine is a byproduct of muscle metabolism, produced at a steady rate based on muscle mass.

Creatinine levels are primarily influenced by kidney function, unlike BUN which can be affected by factors like dehydration and liver function.

The normal creatinine range for females is 0.6 to 1 mg/dL, while for males it's 0.7 to 1.3 mg/dL. This difference is due to the generally larger muscle mass in males.

Creatinine clearance is a test that measures how effectively your kidneys are filtering waste products from your blood.

During creatinine clearance testing, patients are asked to avoid strenuous physical activity as it can influence creatinine production.

An elevated serum creatinine level combined with a decline in urine creatinine level indicates potential kidney problems.

PSA (Prostatic-Specific Antigen) is a protein produced by the prostate gland.

PSA is used in the diagnosis and monitoring of prostate health, particularly in men being treated for prostate cancer.

Elevated PSA levels can occur due to various factors including prostate cancer, benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), and prostatitis.

Urine osmolality measures the concentration of particles (solutes) in urine, providing information on the kidneys' ability to concentrate urine.

The main functions of the nephron are to control fluid levels, regulate blood pH, and remove waste products.

Ureters are tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder. They act as valves to prevent urine from flowing back into the kidneys.

The bladder is a muscular sac that stores urine before it is eliminated from the body. It expands as it fills with urine and signals the need to urinate when it's about 1/3 full.

The urethra is the final tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.

Normal age-related changes to the urinary system include: Decreased kidney filtering efficiency, loss of bladder tone, and prostate enlargement in men.

Common urinary problems in the elderly include frequent urination, urgent need to urinate, nighttime urination, and incontinence.