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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of the radial artery?
What is the main function of the radial artery?
Which artery runs in the spiral (radial) groove with the radial nerve?
Which artery runs in the spiral (radial) groove with the radial nerve?
Which artery gives off the anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries?
Which artery gives off the anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries?
What is the main distribution of the ulnar artery?
What is the main distribution of the ulnar artery?
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What is the significance of the anastomosis around the elbow joint?
What is the significance of the anastomosis around the elbow joint?
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Which vein is the continuation of the basilic and brachial veins?
Which vein is the continuation of the basilic and brachial veins?
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Which vein is at risk of air emboli when wounded?
Which vein is at risk of air emboli when wounded?
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What is the relationship between the axillary vein and the neurovascular bundle?
What is the relationship between the axillary vein and the neurovascular bundle?
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Which vein is able to dilate when blood flow increases?
Which vein is able to dilate when blood flow increases?
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What is the significance of the veins of the superficial group?
What is the significance of the veins of the superficial group?
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Study Notes
Arteries of the Upper Limb
- Palmar digital arteries bifurcate to supply adjacent sides of the fingers
- Deep palmar arch is formed largely by the radial artery and lies deep to the long flexor tendons, supplying deeper structures
- Radial artery forms an anastomosis with the superficial palmar arch via its superficial branch in front of the wrist
Veins of the Upper Limb
- Superficial group: dorsal venous arch on the dorsum of the hand, with cephalic and basilic veins arising from its lateral and medial sides, respectively
- Cephalic vein ascends on the radial side of the forearm, crosses the cubital fossa, and enters the axillary vein in the upper aspect of the arm
- Basilic vein ascends on the ulnar side of the forearm, crosses the cubital fossa, and pierces the deep fascia of the arm to join the brachial veins
Arteries and Veins of the Lower Limb
Femoral Vessels
- Femoral artery has medial and lateral circumflex femoral branches that supply the hip joint
- Femoral vein is a continuation of the popliteal vein, lies medial to the artery, and is easily accessible for venous access in shocked patients
Popliteal Vessels
- Popliteal artery is a continuation of the femoral artery, passes through the popliteal fossa, and bifurcates into anterior and posterior tibial arteries
- Popliteal vein is formed by the union of anterior and posterior tibial veins, and is entered by the small saphenous vein through the facial roof of the popliteal fossa
Vessels of the Leg
- Popliteal artery divides into anterior and posterior tibial arteries
- Anterior tibial artery passes over the interosseous membrane into the anterior compartment of the leg to supply the extensor muscles
- Posterior tibial artery continues into the posterior compartment of the leg to supply the flexor muscles
Vessels of the Foot
- Anterior tibial artery becomes superficial at the ankle as the dorsalis pedis artery
- Posterior tibial artery passes behind the medial malleolus and enters the foot, where it divides into lateral and medial plantar arteries
Veins of the Lower Limb
- Three types of veins: superficial, deep, and communicating (perforating)
- Superficial veins (long and short saphenous) drain skin and superficial fascia, and originate in the foot (dorsal and plantar venous arches)
- Deep veins comprise two venae commitantes of deep arteries
Venous Blood Flow of the Lower Limb
- Veins permit blood flow up the limb, or from the superficial to the deep
- Flow towards the heart is aided by the "muscle pump" and the pressure from contracting foot and calf muscles
Clinical Perspectives
- Emergency venous "cutdown" site is just anterior and superior to the medial malleolus
- Long saphenous vein is commonly used in blood vessel grafts to replace parts of blocked coronary arteries
- Defective valves in the superficial veins can cause pooling of stagnant blood in the superficial fascia, leading to skin changes and skin ulceration
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Description
This quiz covers the arteries and veins of the upper limb, including their formation, structures, and functions.
