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Questions and Answers
What is the function of the tongue in the mouth?
What is the function of the tongue in the mouth?
The tongue is concerned with taste, chewing, swallowing, and articulation.
Which of the following are external features of the tongue?
Which of the following are external features of the tongue?
Filiform papillae contain taste buds.
Filiform papillae contain taste buds.
False
The _____ surface of the tongue is covered by a smooth purplish mucous membrane.
The _____ surface of the tongue is covered by a smooth purplish mucous membrane.
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Match the extrinsic muscle of the tongue with its origin.
Match the extrinsic muscle of the tongue with its origin.
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What is the principal vein of the tongue for blood supply?
What is the principal vein of the tongue for blood supply?
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The deep ______ drains into either common facial vein or internal jugular vein.
The deep ______ drains into either common facial vein or internal jugular vein.
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Which nerve supplies the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
Which nerve supplies the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?
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The tongue is divided into three parts based on sensory innervation.
The tongue is divided into three parts based on sensory innervation.
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What is the term for the complete absence of tongue?
What is the term for the complete absence of tongue?
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The lesion of the hypoglossal nerve causes the protruded tongue to deviate towards the side of the __________.
The lesion of the hypoglossal nerve causes the protruded tongue to deviate towards the side of the __________.
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Study Notes
The Oral Cavity
- The oral cavity is the proximal part of the gastrointestinal system and is the entrance to the alimentary tract.
- It is divided into two parts: the vestibule and the oral cavity proper.
The Vestibule
- The vestibule is the space between the lips and cheeks externally and the gums and teeth internally.
- It is lined by a mucous membrane.
- A small papilla on the mucosa opposite the upper 2nd molar tooth marks the opening of the duct of the parotid gland.
The Oral Cavity Proper
- It is a cavity within the alveolar margins of the maxillae and mandible.
- It extends from the lips to the oropharyngeal isthmus, which is the junction of the mouth and pharynx.
- The roof is formed by the hard palate anteriorly and the soft palate posteriorly.
- The floor is formed by the mylohyoid muscle, and the anterior 2/3 of the tongue lies on the floor.
- The lateral wall is formed by the teeth, gums, and alveolar arches of the jaws.
The Tongue
- The tongue is a mobile, muscular organ that lies in the floor of the mouth and the anterior wall of the pharynx.
- It is a mass of skeletal muscle covered by a mucous membrane.
- It is divided into right and left halves by a median fibrous septum.
- It is concerned with taste, chewing, swallowing, and articulation.
The Location of the Tongue
- The tongue lies on the floor of the oral cavity and is partly oral and partly pharyngeal in position.
- The tongue is attached by its muscles to the hyoid bone, mandible, styloid process, soft palate, and pharyngeal wall.
- At rest, it occupies the oral cavity proper.
The Parts of the Tongue
- The anterior 2/3 of the tongue is the oral part, and the posterior 1/3 is the pharyngeal part.
- The tongue consists of the root, body, and tip.
The External Features of the Tongue
- The tongue has two surfaces: dorsal (superior) and ventral (inferior).
- The root of the tongue is attached to the mandible and hyoid bone.
- The body of the tongue is the bulk between the root and tip.
- The tip of the tongue is the anterior free end of the tongue.
The Dorsal Surface of the Tongue
- The dorsum of the tongue is convex in shape.
- It is divided by the V-shaped sulcus terminalis into the anterior 2/3 (oral part) and the posterior 1/3 (pharyngeal part).
- The foramen caecum is located at the apex of the sulcus terminalis.
- The anterior 2/3 of the tongue has papillae, which are extensions of the mucosa.
- There are three common types of papillae: filiform, fungiform, and circumvallate.
The Taste
- The tongue is a specialized organ with collections of taste buds, taste cells, nerves, and blood vessels.
- The afferent nerve fibers connect with taste buds to respond to different chemical stimuli to discriminate taste.
The Muscles of the Tongue
- The tongue has two types of muscles: intrinsic and extrinsic muscles.
- Intrinsic muscles originate and terminate within the tongue.
- Extrinsic muscles originate outside the tongue and enter the tongue.
The Intrinsic Muscles of the Tongue
- They consist of superior longitudinal, inferior longitudinal, transverse, and vertical muscles.
- They alter the shape of the tongue.
The Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue
- They are four in number: genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, and palatoglossus.
- They connect the tongue to the styloid process, soft palate, mandible, and hyoid bone.
- They help in the movements of the tongue.
The Movements of the Tongue
- Protrusion: genioglossus on both sides acting together.
- Retraction: styloglossus and hyoglossus on both sides acting together.
- Depression: hyoglossus and genioglossus on both sides acting together.
- Elevation: styloglossus and palatoglossus on both sides acting together.
The Blood Supply of the Tongue
- The lingual artery is the main arterial supply of the tongue.
- The venous drainage of the tongue is through the deep lingual vein.
The Lymphatic Drainage of the Tongue
- The apex, frenulum, and anterior 2/3 of the tongue drain into the submental nodes, inferior deep cervical nodes, and submandibular lymph nodes.
- The posterior 1/3 of the tongue drains into the superior deep cervical nodes.
The Nerve Supply of the Tongue
- The motor supply of the tongue is through the hypoglossal nerve.
- The sensory supply of the tongue is through the lingual nerve, chorda tympani, glossopharyngeal nerve, and internal laryngeal nerve.
The Development of the Tongue
- The tongue develops from the floor of the primitive pharynx in relation to the pharyngeal arches.
- The mucous membrane of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue develops from the fusion of a pair of lingual swellings with the tuberculum impar.
- The mucous membrane of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue develops from the cranial part of the hypobranchial eminence.
- The muscles of the tongue develop from myoblasts that migrate from the occipital myotomes.
Applied Anatomy
- The sublingual administration of drugs is a preferred route in emergency situations.
- The lesion of the hypoglossal nerve results in a protruded tongue deviating toward the side of the lesion.
- Aglossia is the complete absence of the tongue.
- Bifid tongue is the failure of fusion of the lingual swelling.
- Macroglossia is the hypertrophy of the tongue.
- Tongue tie (ankyloglossia) is the shortening of the frenulum linguae.
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Description
This quiz covers the parts and structures of the oral cavity, including the tongue, its features, surfaces, nerve supply, blood supply, and lymphatics.
