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Questions and Answers
What forms the axillary vein?
What forms the axillary vein?
Where does the axillary vein empty to become the subclavian vein?
Where does the axillary vein empty to become the subclavian vein?
Which lymph nodes receive lymph from other axillary lymph nodes?
Which lymph nodes receive lymph from other axillary lymph nodes?
What is the primary source of the brachial plexus?
What is the primary source of the brachial plexus?
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How many trunks does the brachial plexus typically divide into?
How many trunks does the brachial plexus typically divide into?
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What structure forms the intermediate sacral crests?
What structure forms the intermediate sacral crests?
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Which trunk of the brachial plexus is formed from the union of the C5 and C6 roots?
Which trunk of the brachial plexus is formed from the union of the C5 and C6 roots?
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Which vertebrae lack an intervertebral disc?
Which vertebrae lack an intervertebral disc?
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What structure does not typically drain into the subclavian lymphatic trunk?
What structure does not typically drain into the subclavian lymphatic trunk?
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What is the primary role of intervertebral (IV) discs?
What is the primary role of intervertebral (IV) discs?
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What sections does each trunk of the brachial plexus divide into?
What sections does each trunk of the brachial plexus divide into?
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Where are uncovertebral joints located?
Where are uncovertebral joints located?
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What characterizes the nucleus pulposus in an intervertebral disc?
What characterizes the nucleus pulposus in an intervertebral disc?
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Which of the following joints are classified as symphyses?
Which of the following joints are classified as symphyses?
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What feature projects inferiorly on either side of the sacral hiatus?
What feature projects inferiorly on either side of the sacral hiatus?
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What is the main function of the lateral sacral crests?
What is the main function of the lateral sacral crests?
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What structure demarcates the proximal end of the radius from its shaft?
What structure demarcates the proximal end of the radius from its shaft?
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Which carpal bone is located on the medial aspect of the proximal row of carpals?
Which carpal bone is located on the medial aspect of the proximal row of carpals?
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What type of shape does the lunate carpal bone resemble?
What type of shape does the lunate carpal bone resemble?
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Which of the following statements about the radial styloid process is true?
Which of the following statements about the radial styloid process is true?
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What is the function of the dorsal tubercle of the radius?
What is the function of the dorsal tubercle of the radius?
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Which bone in the distal row of carpals has a wedge shape?
Which bone in the distal row of carpals has a wedge shape?
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The medial concavity at the distal end of the radius is known as what?
The medial concavity at the distal end of the radius is known as what?
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Which bone in the proximal row of carpals is boat-shaped and features a prominent scaphoid tubercle?
Which bone in the proximal row of carpals is boat-shaped and features a prominent scaphoid tubercle?
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What is the primary function of the intrinsic back muscles?
What is the primary function of the intrinsic back muscles?
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Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the erector spinae group?
Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the erector spinae group?
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What is the primary role of the semispinalis muscle within the transversospinales group?
What is the primary role of the semispinalis muscle within the transversospinales group?
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Which layer of intrinsic back muscles is considered the most superficial?
Which layer of intrinsic back muscles is considered the most superficial?
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How are the erector spinae muscles arranged relative to the vertebral column?
How are the erector spinae muscles arranged relative to the vertebral column?
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What distinguishes the multifidus muscle of the transversospinales group from others?
What distinguishes the multifidus muscle of the transversospinales group from others?
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In terms of attachments, where do the deep back muscles generally originate?
In terms of attachments, where do the deep back muscles generally originate?
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What primarily differentiates intrinsic back muscles from extrinsic back muscles?
What primarily differentiates intrinsic back muscles from extrinsic back muscles?
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What is the primary clinical sign of radial nerve injury?
What is the primary clinical sign of radial nerve injury?
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Which muscles are primarily affected by a musculocutaneous nerve injury?
Which muscles are primarily affected by a musculocutaneous nerve injury?
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What anatomical structure lies between the biceps tendon and the median nerve in the cubital fossa?
What anatomical structure lies between the biceps tendon and the median nerve in the cubital fossa?
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What happens to the triceps muscle when the radial nerve is injured at the radial groove?
What happens to the triceps muscle when the radial nerve is injured at the radial groove?
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Which nerve supplies sensation to the lateral surface of the forearm?
Which nerve supplies sensation to the lateral surface of the forearm?
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What structure is located anterior to the brachial artery in the cubital fossa?
What structure is located anterior to the brachial artery in the cubital fossa?
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Which of the following best describes the role of the radial nerve?
Which of the following best describes the role of the radial nerve?
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After an injury to the musculocutaneous nerve, what major action is weakened?
After an injury to the musculocutaneous nerve, what major action is weakened?
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Study Notes
Sacral Anatomy
- Fused articular processes form intermediate sacral crests.
- Fused tips of transverse processes create lateral sacral crests.
- Sacral hiatus is an inverted U-shape leading into the sacral canal, which is the inferior part of the vertebral canal.
- Sacral cornua project inferiorly, aiding in locating the sacral hiatus.
- Auricular articular surface on the lateral sacrum participates in the sacroiliac joint.
- Coccyx typically consists of four fused vertebrae.
Vertebral Column Organization
- Intervertebral (IV) discs are secondary cartilaginous joints for weight-bearing and strength.
- IV discs connect adjacent vertebrae, acting as shock absorbers with resilient deformability.
- Each IV disc comprises anulus fibrosus (outer fibrous part) and nucleus pulposus (gelatinous central mass).
- No IV disc exists between C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis) vertebrae; the lowest disc is between L5 and S1.
Uncovertebral Joints
- Located at posterolateral margins of cervical IV discs (C3–C6).
- Uncovertebral joints (of Luschka) connect uncus of vertebrae to adjacent vertebral bodies.
- Common sites for spur formation can lead to neck pain.
Muscle Organization of the Back
- Intrinsic back muscles are classified by layers: superficial, intermediate, and deep.
- Superficial muscles (e.g., splenius cervicis and splenius capitis) arise medially and extend to cervical vertebrae and cranium.
- Erector spinae muscles, chief extensors of the vertebral column, consist of three columns:
- Iliocostalis (lateral)
- Longissimus (intermediate)
- Spinalis (medial)
- Each column is regionally divided based on superior attachments (e.g., iliocostalis lumborum).
Deep Intrinsic Back Muscles
- Transversospinales group includes semispinalis, multifidus, and rotatores.
- These muscles connect transverse processes to spinous processes of more superior vertebrae.
- Semispinalis spans multiple segments, while multifidus covers fewer segments.
Upper Extremity Anatomy
- The wrist consists of eight carpal bones, arranged into two rows: proximal and distal.
- Proximal row bones (lateral to medial):
- Scaphoid (boat-shaped)
- Lunate (moon-shaped)
- Triquetrum (three-cornered)
- Pisiform (pea-shaped)
- Distal row bones (lateral to medial):
- Trapezium (four-sided)
- Trapezoid (wedge-shaped)
- Capitate and hamate (specific shape not defined in detail).
Brachial Plexus Formation
- Brachial plexus is a nerve network supplying the upper limb, arising from C5–T1 anterior rami.
- Roots pass between anterior and middle scalene muscles.
- In the neck's inferior part, roots unite to form three trunks:
- Superior trunk (C5 + C6)
- Middle trunk (C7)
- Inferior trunk (C8 + T1)
Axillary Artery and Vein
- The axillary vein forms from accompanying brachial veins and the basilic vein at the teres major's inferior border.
- Drainage from axillary lymph nodes progresses to supraclavicular nodes and the subclavian lymphatic trunk.
Nerve Injuries
- Musculocutaneous nerve injury leads to weakened elbow flexion and forearm supination.
- Radial nerve injury can cause "wrist drop," impairing wrist and finger extension.
- Radial nerve injuries vary in severity based on injury location but may leave some muscle function intact.
Cubital Fossa Contents
- The cubital fossa contains terminal brachial artery branches, the biceps brachii tendon, and the median and radial nerves.
- Median cubital vein lies anterior to the brachial artery, with medial and lateral cutaneous nerves connected to major veins.
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Description
Explore the detailed anatomy of the sacrum in this quiz, focusing on structures such as the sacral crests, hiatus, and cornua. Understand the significance of the auricular surface and its role in the sacro-iliac joint. Test your knowledge on these key anatomical features.
