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Questions and Answers
What type of epithelium lines the anterior 1/3 of the internal nose?
What type of epithelium lines the anterior 1/3 of the internal nose?
- Simple squamous epithelium
- Keratinized squamous epithelium
- Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (correct)
- Stratified cuboidal epithelium
What is the function of ciliated cells in the respiratory system?
What is the function of ciliated cells in the respiratory system?
- Secrete mucus onto the luminal surface
- Undifferentiated stem cells that can replace other cell types
- Serve as sensory receptors
- Sweep sputum toward the oral cavity (correct)
Which type of cells may become goblet cells in response to metaplasia?
Which type of cells may become goblet cells in response to metaplasia?
- Brush cells
- Small granule cells
- Ciliated cells
- Basal cells (correct)
What is the function of mucous goblet cells in the respiratory system?
What is the function of mucous goblet cells in the respiratory system?
Where are small granule cells found in the respiratory system?
Where are small granule cells found in the respiratory system?
What is the primary function of brush cells in the respiratory system?
What is the primary function of brush cells in the respiratory system?
Which type of cells are responsible for secreting mucus onto the luminal surface in the respiratory system?
Which type of cells are responsible for secreting mucus onto the luminal surface in the respiratory system?
What is the primary function of basal (short) cells in the respiratory epithelium?
What is the primary function of basal (short) cells in the respiratory epithelium?
What is the primary function of nasal mucosa?
What is the primary function of nasal mucosa?
Where is the nasal mucosa thickest in the nasal cavity?
Where is the nasal mucosa thickest in the nasal cavity?
Which of the following is true about conducting airways?
Which of the following is true about conducting airways?
How many bones are part of the neurocranium (skull)?
How many bones are part of the neurocranium (skull)?
Which bone forms the posterior portion of the hard palate?
Which bone forms the posterior portion of the hard palate?
What is the purpose of the cribriform plate in the viscerocranium?
What is the purpose of the cribriform plate in the viscerocranium?
What is measured to determine mouth opening and the ability to align axes for laryngoscopy?
What is measured to determine mouth opening and the ability to align axes for laryngoscopy?
What is the normal measurement for the thyromental distance?
What is the normal measurement for the thyromental distance?
What is the purpose of the sniffing position in airway assessment?
What is the purpose of the sniffing position in airway assessment?
What does applying Larson’s maneuver aim to relieve?
What does applying Larson’s maneuver aim to relieve?
What type of airway does not participate in gas exchange?
What type of airway does not participate in gas exchange?
What is the function of intrapulmonary airways?
What is the function of intrapulmonary airways?
Which structure separates the nasal and oral cavities?
Which structure separates the nasal and oral cavities?
What is the function of the soft palate?
What is the function of the soft palate?
Which artery supplies blood to the nasal cavity?
Which artery supplies blood to the nasal cavity?
What type of epithelial tissue lines the nasal mucosa?
What type of epithelial tissue lines the nasal mucosa?
Where is the pterygopalatine ganglion located?
Where is the pterygopalatine ganglion located?
Which cranial nerve provides sensory innervation to the nose?
Which cranial nerve provides sensory innervation to the nose?
What are the structures within the nasal cavity that help humidify and filter air?
What are the structures within the nasal cavity that help humidify and filter air?
Which of the following is a potential consequence of obstruction of paranasal sinuses flow?
Which of the following is a potential consequence of obstruction of paranasal sinuses flow?
What is the main function of the tongue?
What is the main function of the tongue?
What are the two regions that divide the oral cavity?
What are the two regions that divide the oral cavity?
Which of the following serves as an airway adjunct?
Which of the following serves as an airway adjunct?
What is the potential consequence of infection due to obstruction of paranasal sinuses flow?
What is the potential consequence of infection due to obstruction of paranasal sinuses flow?
Which muscles are responsible for depressing the hyoid and larynx, and are active in swallowing?
Which muscles are responsible for depressing the hyoid and larynx, and are active in swallowing?
Which muscle is the sole abductor of the vocal folds?
Which muscle is the sole abductor of the vocal folds?
What action occurs reflexively when liquid or particles approach the laryngeal vestibule?
What action occurs reflexively when liquid or particles approach the laryngeal vestibule?
Which type of epithelium is found in most of the larynx?
Which type of epithelium is found in most of the larynx?
Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the upper vocal cords?
Which nerve provides sensory innervation to the upper vocal cords?
What is the consequence of unilateral injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
What is the consequence of unilateral injury to the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
What structure marks the lowermost portion of the trachea?
What structure marks the lowermost portion of the trachea?
Which arteries contribute to the blood supply of the trachea?
Which arteries contribute to the blood supply of the trachea?
What is the main innervation for sensory function of the trachea?
What is the main innervation for sensory function of the trachea?
What is used as a long-term surgical airway?
What is used as a long-term surgical airway?
In case of emergency, which procedure is used as an airway access?
In case of emergency, which procedure is used as an airway access?
What muscle fills the posterior gaps where the trachea is adjacent to the esophagus?
What muscle fills the posterior gaps where the trachea is adjacent to the esophagus?
Which nerve mostly innervates the oropharynx?
Which nerve mostly innervates the oropharynx?
What is the function of the pharyngeal plexus?
What is the function of the pharyngeal plexus?
What is the clinical assessment tool for evaluating the airway based on visibility of oral structures?
What is the clinical assessment tool for evaluating the airway based on visibility of oral structures?
Where is the cricoid cartilage located?
Where is the cricoid cartilage located?
What is the function of Waldeyer's tonsillar ring?
What is the function of Waldeyer's tonsillar ring?
What is the function of the hyoid bone?
What is the function of the hyoid bone?
Which layer is responsible for constricting the pharynx during swallowing?
Which layer is responsible for constricting the pharynx during swallowing?
What is responsible for elevating the pharynx during speaking?
What is responsible for elevating the pharynx during speaking?
What is the function of the ligaments in the larynx?
What is the function of the ligaments in the larynx?
What is the Cormack-Lehane score used to assess?
What is the Cormack-Lehane score used to assess?
Where are the aryepiglottic folds located?
Where are the aryepiglottic folds located?
What is the role of the corniculate cartilages in the larynx?
What is the role of the corniculate cartilages in the larynx?
What is the rima glottidis?
What is the rima glottidis?
Which cartilage is described as a 'signet ring' and completely encircles the airway?
Which cartilage is described as a 'signet ring' and completely encircles the airway?
Where is the thyroepiglottic ligament attached?
Where is the thyroepiglottic ligament attached?
What is the role of vocal ligament in the larynx?
What is the role of vocal ligament in the larynx?
What is found inside the cuneiform cartilages?
What is found inside the cuneiform cartilages?
What is located in the infraglottic/subglottic cavity of the larynx?
What is located in the infraglottic/subglottic cavity of the larynx?
Which muscle is responsible for opening the rima glottidis widely into an inverted kite shape during a deep inhalation?
Which muscle is responsible for opening the rima glottidis widely into an inverted kite shape during a deep inhalation?
What contributes to less swelling in adults in relation to laryngeal folds/cords?
What contributes to less swelling in adults in relation to laryngeal folds/cords?
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Study Notes
- Pharynx is a musculo-skeletal organ located between the nasal cavity and the larynx, continuous with the esophagus
- Pharynx has four layers: mucosal, muscular, and two fascial layers
- Mucosal layer has different types of epithelium in different parts: respiratory in the nasopharynx, and stratified squamous in the oropharynx and laryngopharynx
- Pharynx has three subdivisions: nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx, each with distinct functions
- Nasopharynx: mostly innervated by the trigeminal nerve (CN V), includes pharyngotympanic tubes, pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids)
- Oropharynx: mostly innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), includes the root of tongue, lingual tonsils, palatopharyngeal arch, and palatine tonsils
- Fauces is a subdivision of the oropharynx, bounded by the soft palate, root of the tongue, and the pillars of the fauces
- Laryngopharynx: posterior to the larynx, bifurcates to the trachea and esophagus, contains the piriform fossa and the Aryepiglottic folds
- Waldeyer's tonsillar ring: an incomplete tonsillar ring made up of lymphoid tissue in the pharynx
- Pharyngeal muscles: two layers of skeletal muscle - the external circular layer and the internal longitudinal layer, responsible for constricting and elevating the pharynx during swallowing and speaking, respectively
- The pharyngeal plexus innervates the muscles of the pharynx, except for the stylopharyngeus, which is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
- Mallampati score: a clinical assessment tool for evaluating the airway based on the visibility of the oral structures, with higher scores indicating less visibility
- Upper airway obstruction: can occur at the nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal level, may be poorly tolerated without local anesthesia
- Larynx: organ of voice production and protection of the airway, extends from the hyoid bone to the trachea, composed of cartilages and muscles, and is innervated by the vagus nerve (CN X)
- Cricoid cartilage: a cartilage of the larynx, located at the junction of the trachea and the larynx, and serves as a landmark for blocking the internal laryngeal nerve
- Hyoid bone: a unique bone in the body, suspended from the styloid processes of the temporal bones, provides a moveable base for the tongue, and is required for swallowing and respiration.
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