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Questions and Answers
What is the name of the expansion that forms a common structure for urinary, gastrointestinal, and genital organs?
cloaca
During midgut development, is there a mesentery present for the jejunum, ileum, and transverse colon?
True
The gastroduodenal loop results in the formation of __________ ligaments from the ventral mesentery.
ligaments
What are the two main layers of the peritoneum?
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The peritoneal cavity in males is a closed space.
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The peritoneal cavity is filled by ______.
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What are some examples of extraperitoneal organs?
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Match the omentum with its related area:
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Which of the following recesses is located between the visceral surface of the liver and the right kidney?
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What is the name of the space outside the peritoneum?
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Which of the following fossae are located on the anterior abdominal wall?
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What is the name of the recess located close to the junction of the jejunum and duodenum?
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Which of the following pouches is located in the pelvis?
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What is the name of the recess located close to the junction of the ileum and caecum?
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Which of the following fossae are located along the ascending and descending colon?
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What is the name of the recess located close to the junction of the jejunum and duodenum?
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Which of the following pouches is not located in the pelvis?
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Which of the following recesses is located on the anterior abdominal wall?
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Study Notes
Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity
- Peritoneum is the largest serous membrane lining the abdominopelvic cavity and covering its organs.
- There are two types of peritoneum: parietal peritoneum (lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity) and visceral peritoneum (covers the organs).
- Between the two layers of peritoneum is the peritoneal cavity, which is filled with fluid.
- In males, the peritoneal cavity is a closed space, while in females, it is connected to the external environment through the uterine tube, uterus, and vagina.
Peritoneum Characteristics
- Parietal peritoneum lines the wall of the abdominopelvic cavity and belongs to somatic structures, sensitive to touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
- Visceral peritoneum covers the organs and belongs to viscera, sensitive to stretch and chemicals.
Relationship of Peritoneum to Organs
- Some organs are enveloped by visceral peritoneum, attached to the abdominal wall or another organ by a double layer of visceral peritoneum (mesentery), and are located intraperitoneally.
- Other organs are covered by parietal peritoneum and are located extraperitoneally (e.g., kidneys, renal pelvis, ureter).
Peritoneum Formations
- Folds: single-layered structures formed by parietal peritoneum, mostly found on the inner aspect of the anterior abdominal wall.
- Mesenteries: double-layered structures containing vessels, derived from dorsal mesentery.
- Omenta: double-layered visceral peritoneum related to the stomach.
- Ligaments: parts of mesentery that connect organs to the abdominal wall or other organs.
Peritoneal Cavity and its Divisions
- Greater sac: the main part of the peritoneal cavity, extending between the diaphragm and pelvis.
- Lesser sac: a recess of the greater sac, located behind the stomach and connected to the greater sac through the omental foramen.
- Supracolic and infracolic compartments: divisions of the greater sac separated by the transverse mesocolon.
Peritoneal Recesses and Fossae
- Recesses: small, narrow spaces in the peritoneal cavity.
- Fossae: small, flat spaces in the peritoneal cavity.
- Pouches: small sacs in the peritoneal cavity.
Extraperitoneal Space
- Located outside the peritoneal cavity, it can be subdivided into retroperitoneal space (in the abdominal cavity) and subperitoneal space (in the pelvic cavity).
- Contains vessels, nerves, fat, and some organs (e.g., kidneys, renal pelvis, ureters, suprarenal glands).
Development of Gut and Peritoneum
- Primitive gut is divided into foregut, midgut, and hindgut based on arterial supply and developmental criteria.
- Gut development involves rotation, transformation, and fixation of the gut loops.
- Foregut develops into the abdominal part of the esophagus, stomach, and proximal duodenum.
- Midgut develops into the distal duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, ascending colon, and proximal transverse colon.
- Hindgut develops into the distal transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, and rectum.
Note: The study notes are organized in a logical order to facilitate easy understanding and quick review.
Peritoneal Organs
- Extraperitoneal organs are located outside the peritoneal cavity.
- There are two types of extraperitoneal organs:
- Primarily extraperitoneal organs, which developed outside the peritoneal cavity (e.g. kidney, renal pelvis, ureter)
- Secondarily extraperitoneal organs, which developed intraperitoneally but later changed their relationship to the peritoneum (e.g. parts of colon, duodenum, pancreas)
Peritoneum
- The peritoneum can form various structures:
- Folds (single-layered, related to parietal peritoneum)
- Mesenteries (double-layered, derived from dorsal mesentery, containing vessels)
- Omenta (double-layered, visceral peritoneum, related to stomach)
- Ligaments (parts of mesentery, connecting abdominal organs and/or abdominal wall)
Mesenteries
- Almost all primitive gut divisions (foregut, midgut, hindgut) possessed dorsal mesentery, which formed:
- Mesogastrium
- Mesoduodenum
- Proper mesentery
- Mesojejunum
- Mesoileum
- Mesocolon
- Mesorectum
- The dorsal mesentery allowed the branches of the abdominal aorta to reach the organs
- Some gut-related organs developed within mesenteries, such as:
- Pancreas (within dorsal and ventral mesenteries)
- Liver, bile ducts (within ventral mesentery)
- Spleen (between the layers of the dorsal mesentery)
Omenta
- Omenta are double-layered visceral peritoneum related to the stomach:
- Greater omentum (related to greater curvature)
- Lesser omentum (related to lesser curvature)
Ligaments
- Ligaments are extended between:
- Abdominal organs (e.g. hepatogastric, gastrocolic, gastrosplenic)
- Abdominal organ and abdominal wall (e.g. hepatophrenic, gastrophrenic)
Peritoneal Cavity
- The peritoneal cavity forms:
- Greater sac (extending between diaphragm and pelvis, related to greater omentum)
- Lesser sac (can be treated as a recess of the greater sac, located behind stomach and lesser omentum)
- Omental bursa (develops as a result of rotation of gastroduodenal loop and transposition of liver into the right side, and spleen into the left side)
- The greater sac can be subdivided into:
- Supracolic compartment
- Infracolic compartment
- Omental bursa possesses:
- Epiploic foramen
- Superior recess
- Lienal recess
- Inferior recess
Peritoneal Recesses and Fossae
- The peritoneal cavity forms:
- Recesses
- Fossae
- Pouches
- Examples of peritoneal recesses and fossae include:
- Supravesical, medial inguinal, and lateral inguinal fossae on the anterior abdominal wall
- Paraduodenal recess, superior and inferior duodenal recesses near the junction of jejunum and duodenum
- Morrison's recess (pouch) between the visceral surface of liver and right kidney
- Ileocecal recesses near the junction of ileum and caecum
- Paracolic fossae (gutters) along ascending and descending colon
- Vesocuterine pouch, rectouterine pouch, rectovesical pouch in pelvis
- Paravesical and pararectal fossae (on the sides of bladder and rectum, respectively)
Abdominopelvic Cavity
- Outside the peritoneum, there is an extraperitoneal space.
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Description
Learn about the peritoneum, the largest serous membrane in the abdominopelvic cavity, and its layers, including parietal and visceral peritoneum. Discover the differences between the peritoneal cavity in males and females.
