Anatomy of the Nervous System
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Questions and Answers

Which area of the precentral gyrus generates motor signals for the muscles of the leg and foot?

  • The area responsible for facial expression muscles
  • The part that extends to the lateral cerebral surface
  • The largest area on the medial surface (correct)
  • The area for muscles of hands

    • What happens in case of an isolated cerebrovascular accident affecting the area of the precentral gyrus responsible for leg and foot muscles?

  • Facial muscle weakness
  • No motor impairment at all
  • Motor paralysis of the contralateral side of the body
  • Motor weakness of leg and foot muscles (correct)

    • What is the role of the precentral gyrus in relation to the vocal apparatus?

  • Regulates breathing during speech
  • Has no impact on vocal functions
  • Produces sensory signals for vocalization
  • Generates motor signals for vocal apparatus muscles (correct)

    • What effect does an injury to the precentral gyrus have on the body?

    <p>Motor paralysis on the contralateral side</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates the areas of the precentral gyrus responsible for hand muscles and those responsible for leg and foot muscles?

    <p>Vascular supply differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a subdivision of the brain in the central nervous system?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the aggregation of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system?

    <p>Ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the white matter and gray matter is NOT true?

    <p>In the spinal cord, the gray matter forms an H-shaped inner core surrounded by white matter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms is used to describe the direction towards the head in anatomical terminology?

    <p>Rostral</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about neurons and neuroglia is true?

    <p>Neuroglia are responsible for nourishing and cleaning up after neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a part of the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the reticular formation?

    <p>To filter out 99% of incoming sensory signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a functional area located within the medulla?

    <p>Reticular formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sensory signals reach the cerebral cortex from the reticular formation?

    <p>Through the reticular activating system (RAS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the reticular formation's filtering of sensory signals?

    <p>To focus attention on the most important sensory inputs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the reticular formation?

    <p>Processing of all sensory signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the reticular activating system (RAS) or ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)?

    <p>To transmit important sensory signals directly to the cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure connects the cerebellum to the red nucleus of the midbrain and thalamus?

    <p>Superior cerebellar peduncles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nuclei are found within the white matter of the cerebellum?

    <p>Fastigial, globose &amp; emboliform nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cerebellum?

    <p>Coordination of voluntary movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure separates the cerebellum from the medulla and pons?

    <p>Fourth ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure connects the pontine nuclei of the pons to the cerebellum?

    <p>Middle cerebellar peduncles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the deep cerebellar nuclei located?

    <p>White matter of the cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the thalamus?

    <p>Regulating the circadian rhythm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hypothalamus is responsible for which of the following functions?

    <p>Regulating the endocrine system through the pituitary gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is responsible for regulating the circadian rhythm?

    <p>Pineal gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The diencephalon is located between which two structures?

    <p>Cerebral hemispheres and midbrain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT part of the diencephalon?

    <p>Cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thalamus is involved in which of the following functions?

    <p>Sustaining consciousness and attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system (ANS)?

    <p>To supply motor impulses to cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subdivision of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is responsible for the 'rest and digest' functions of the body?

    <p>Parasympathetic division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the gray matter in the central nervous system (CNS)?

    <p>To comprise nerve cell bodies, unmyelinated nerve fibers, and non-neuronal supportive cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the reticular formation within the brainstem?

    <p>To filter and modulate sensory signals before they reach the cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cerebellum within the central nervous system (CNS)?

    <p>To coordinate voluntary movements and maintain balance and posture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the thalamus within the diencephalon of the central nervous system (CNS)?

    <p>To relay and modulate sensory information to the cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the cerebellar cortex?

    <p>To coordinate voluntary movements and maintain posture and balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cerebellar peduncle carries axons that connect the cerebellum to the red nucleus of the midbrain and thalamus?

    <p>Superior cerebellar peduncle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the aggregation of nerve cell bodies outside the central nervous system?

    <p>Ganglion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the deep cerebellar nuclei are collectively referred to as the interposed nucleus?

    <p>Globose and emboliform nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a major function of the brainstem?

    <p>Filtering of sensory signals before they reach the cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure separates the cerebellum from the medulla and pons?

    <p>The fourth ventricle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the afferent (sensory) division of the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Transmits sensory impulses from peripheral organs to the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In relation to the nervous system, what is the function of the effector organs?

    <p>Reacting to changes with muscular contractions and glandular secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the cranial nerves found within the nervous system?

    <p>Peripheral nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system is responsible for maintaining homeostasis?

    <p>Central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key role of the motor division of the peripheral nervous system?

    <p>Transmitting impulses from CNS to peripheral organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system transmits impulses from the CNS to peripheral organs for actions such as muscular contractions and glandular secretions?

    <p>Efferent (motor) division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the choroid plexuses within the ventricular spaces?

    <p>Produce cerebrospinal fluid from venous blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the fourth ventricle located within the brain?

    <p>Between the pons and the cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the epidural space in relation to the spinal cord?

    <p>Provide cushioning and insulation for the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ventricle is uniquely found in all four lobes of the brain?

    <p>Lateral ventricles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the end of the spinal cord as individuals age?

    <p>It retracts higher towards the thoracic region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures is NOT part of the cerebral white matter?

    <p>Cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lobe of the cerebrum is primarily responsible for processing visual stimuli?

    <p>Occipital lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the insula or insular lobe?

    <p>Processing taste sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the cerebral hemispheres?

    <p>They are located in the posterior cranial fossa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the gyri and sulci on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres?

    <p>They increase the surface area of the cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the cerebral lobes mentioned in the text?

    <p>Occipital lobe regulates sleep and wakefulness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the somatosensory association area in the parietal lobe?

    <p>It integrates and interprets general sensations, such as shape, texture, and weight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the main function of the visual association area in the occipital lobe?

    <p>It gives meaning and interpretation to what we see.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the auditory association area located on the superior temporal gyrus?

    <p>It enables us to interpret the sounds we hear and give them meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the common integrative area located among the sensory, visual, and auditory association areas?

    <p>It redirects signals from primary areas into other parts of the brain, where it generally creates thoughts and ideas that we understand and then voluntarily look for the most appropriate responses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition known as when there is a lesion in the somatosensory association area?

    <p>Both a and b</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the association areas mentioned in the text?

    <p>Directly generating thoughts and ideas in the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sulcus separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe?

    <p>Parieto-occipital sulcus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the temporal lobe?

    <p>Processing memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is associated with general sensations like pain and touch?

    <p>Parietal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the lateral sulcus separate from the frontal lobe?

    <p>Temporal lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is divided functionally into four lobes?

    <p>Cerebral cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the central sulcus separate from the temporal lobe?

    <p>Frontal and parietal lobes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for the 'fight or flight' response in the body?

    <p>Sympathetic division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the enteric nervous system within the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Governing functions of the gastrointestinal tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is involved in processing higher mental activities such as learning and memory?

    <p>Cerebrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the white matter mainly found in the central nervous system?

    <p>Containing bundles of myelinated nerve fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for 'rest and digest' functions in the body?

    <p>Parasympathetic division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of the somatic nervous system within the divisions of the nervous system?

    <p>Providing motor impulses to skeletal muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is responsible for generating motor signals for the vocal apparatus?

    <p>Broca's area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of aphasia is characterized by fluent but meaningless speech and a loss of speech comprehension?

    <p>Wernicke's aphasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which white matter tract connects Broca's and Wernicke's areas, and a lesion of which causes conduction aphasia?

    <p>Arcuate fasciculus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the association areas in the cerebral cortex?

    <p>Integrate and associate information from different cortical areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the brain is critical for understanding language?

    <p>Wernicke's area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of injury to Broca's area?

    <p>Inability to speak but understanding of speech</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the meninges of the spinal cord?

    <p>To protect the spinal cord against shock and sudden displacement/trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the fourth ventricle located within the brain?

    <p>Between the pons and the cerebellum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the choroid plexuses within the ventricular spaces?

    <p>To produce cerebrospinal fluid from arterial blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the epidural space in relation to the spinal cord?

    <p>To protect the spinal cord against shock and sudden displacement/trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the end of the spinal cord located in adults and children?

    <p>L1/2 in adults, L4 in children</p> Signup and view all the answers

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