70 Questions
Which tract conveys unconscious proprioceptive input from the body?
Posterior spinocerebellar tract
Where do the majority of axons of the second-order neurons of the anterior spinocerebellar tract cross over?
In the spinal cord
Which tract is responsible for the conscious control of skeletal muscles?
Pyramidal tract
Where is the dorsal nucleus of Clark's located?
C8 - L2 or T1 - L4
Which tract is responsible for the subconscious regulation of balance, muscle tone, eye, hand, and upper limb position?
Extrapyramidal
Where do the fibers of the anterior spinocerebellar tract that crossed over in the spinal cord cross back?
Within the cerebellum
What is the function of the sensory division?
Conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS
Where do sensory nerve fibers in the sensory division originate from?
Organs within the body cavity
Which part of the Peripheral Nervous System is voluntary?
Somatic nervous system
What type of sensory neurons convey information to the CNS from sensory receptors in skin, skeletal muscles, and joints?
Somatic sensory neurons
What is the function of autonomic motor neurons?
Conduct impulses from CNS to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
Where are autonomic sensory receptors mainly located?
Visceral organs like smooth muscle organs in thorax, abdomen, and pelvis
Which tract facilitates the activity of flexor muscles?
Pontine reticulospinal tract
What is the function of the lateral reticulospinal tract?
Inhibit the activity of axial and proximal limb extensors
Which tract receives afferent fibers from the inner ear and cerebellum?
Vestibulospinal tract
Which tract is tonically active under inhibition from the cortex?
Medial reticulospinal tract
Which tract provides a pathway for the hypothalamus to control the sympathetic and sacral parasympathetic outflow?
Reticulospinal tracts
What is the function of the vestibulospinal tract?
Facilitate the activity of extensor muscles and inhibit the activity of flexor muscles in association with the maintenance of balance
Which reflex involves an initial resistance followed by sudden release after applying pressure?
Tendon reflex
What is the result of an increase in gamma motor neurons activity?
Hypertonia
In response to stimulation of the sole, what occurs when the corticospinal tracts are nonfunctional?
Withdrawal reflex takes place
What is the clinical significance of lamination of the ascending tracts?
Medial to lateral organization of tracts
Which type of tumor would affect the lower limb fibers according to the text?
Extramedullary tumor
What is observed when external pressure is exerted on the spinal cord in the region of the spinothalamic tracts?
Loss of temperature sensations in sacral dermatome
Which tract is responsible for reflex movement of the head and neck in response to visual stimuli?
Tectospinal tract
Which motor system is primarily responsible for controlling distal muscles?
Lateral motor system
In a lower motor neuron lesion, what is the expected change in muscle tone?
Decreased tone (hypotonia)
Which of the following is a characteristic of an upper motor neuron lesion?
Paralysis affects movements of a group of muscles
Which pathway is included in the medial motor system?
Anterior corticospinal tract
In a lower motor neuron lesion, what is the expected change in muscle reflexes?
Diminished or absent reflexes
Which nervous system is responsible for the voluntary control of skeletal muscles?
Somatic nervous system
What is the role of lower motor neurons in the somatic nervous system?
They receive input from upper motor neurons and directly control skeletal muscle fibers
What is the effect of stimulating a lower motor neuron on the associated skeletal muscle fibers?
It has an excitatory effect
In the autonomic nervous system, what is the role of the preganglionic neuron?
It controls ganglionic neurons in the periphery
Which of the following is a key difference between the somatic and autonomic nervous systems?
The somatic system is voluntary, while the autonomic system is involuntary
Where are the somatic motor nuclei located in the central nervous system?
In the brain stem and spinal cord
Where are the autonomic motor nuclei located in the central nervous system?
In the hypothalamus
What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
Involuntary control of visceral effectors
Which part of the 7th cranial nerve supplies the lower facial muscles?
The part that is an exception to bilateral input
Which tract is responsible for facilitating the activity of flexor muscles and inhibiting the activity of extensor muscles?
Rubrospinal tract
Where is the red nucleus, which gives rise to the rubrospinal tract, located?
In the midbrain at the level of the superior colliculus
Which of the following is NOT one of the four tracts that make up the subconscious motor tracts?
Corticospinal tract
Which tract is responsible for the subconscious regulation of balance, muscle tone, eye, hand, and upper limb position?
Vestibulospinal tract
Which part of the 12th cranial nerve supplies the genioglossus muscle?
The part that is an exception to bilateral input
Where are the extrapyramidal tracts located?
They arise in the brainstem and are under the influence of the cerebral cortex
What is the relationship between the rubrospinal tract and the lateral corticospinal tract in the spinal cord?
The rubrospinal tract is very close to the lateral corticospinal tract in the spinal cord
Which meningeal layer is the outermost and composed of dense irregular connective tissue?
Dura mater
Which space is located between the arachnoid mater and pia mater?
Subarachnoid space
Which structure anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx?
Filum terminale
At which vertebral level is a lumbar puncture typically performed?
L3-L4
What is the relationship between spinal cord segments and their corresponding vertebrae?
The difference increases as you go downward
Which meningeal layer forms the denticulate ligaments that attach the spinal cord to the arachnoid mater and dura mater?
Pia mater
Which space is located between the dura mater and the wall of the vertebral canal?
Epidural space
What is the arrangement of the arachnoid mater?
Thin web arrangement of delicate collagen and elastic fibers
What is the result of the initial resistance followed by a sudden release after applying pressure to a muscle?
Clasp-knife reaction
Which reflex arc law describes the relaxation caused by activating Golgi tendon organs?
Polysynaptic reflex arc
In which region of the body will the loss of pain and temperature sensations occur first due to external pressure on the spinal cord?
Sacral dermatome
Which type of tumor would primarily affect the cervical fibers of the spinal cord?
Intramedullary tumor
What takes place in response to stimulation of the sole when the corticospinal tracts are nonfunctional?
Withdrawal reflex
Where are the cervical to sacral segments located in the spinothalamic tracts?
Medially to laterally
Which descending tract would affect lower limb fibers in case of an extramedullary tumor?
Reticulospinal tract
What is observed when pressure increases on the spinal cord in the spinothalamic tracts region beyond the sacral dermatome?
Loss of sensation in higher segmental dermatomes
Which laminae of the spinal cord relay information related to pain and temperature?
Laminae 1 and 5
Which tract ascends in the anterolateral white column and terminates in the superior colliculus?
Spinotectal tract
Which nucleus receives visceral pain from all over the spinal cord?
Intermedio-medial nucleus
What is the function of the posterior spinocerebellar tract?
Relays muscle and joint sensation
Which lamina of the spinal cord receives proprioceptive input and is present only at the cervical and lumbar enlargements?
Lamina 6
Which tract provides the pathway for the hypothalamus to control sympathetic and sacral parasympathetic outflow?
Intermedio-lateral tract
Where do the axons of the second-order neurons of the anterior spinothalamic tract cross over?
In the anterior white commissures
Which tract relays unconscious proprioceptive information from the body to the cerebellum?
Posterior spinocerebellar tract
Learn about the divisions and functions of the nervous system, including the sensory and motor divisions, as well as the roles of sensory and motor nerve fibers. Explore the components of the peripheral nervous system, such as the somatic nervous system.
Make Your Own Quizzes and Flashcards
Convert your notes into interactive study material.
Get started for free
