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Questions and Answers

At what age do the frontal and sphenoidal sinuses typically begin to develop?

  • Age 5-6 years
  • Age 3-4 years
  • Age 8-9 years
  • Age 6-7 years (correct)

Which of the following are functions of the paranasal air sinus?

  • Serve as a resonating chamber for voice (correct)
  • Control sensory perception
  • Act solely as a filter for food
  • Increase skull weight

Which statement explains what occurs when the apertures of the sinuses are blocked?

  • Voice quality is markedly changed (correct)
  • Blocks airflow leading to difficulty in breathing
  • Sinuses become larger and more aerated
  • Weight of the skull decreases

What is sinusitis primarily characterized by?

<p>Infection due to blockage and fluid accumulation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical structures are primarily involved in the development of the ethmoidal sinuses?

<p>Ethmoid bone and its surrounding structures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is not a part of the external nose anatomy?

<p>Choanae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What artery supplies blood to the external nasal region?

<p>Dorsal nasal branch (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure divides the nasal cavity into two halves?

<p>Nasal septum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following dimensions best describes the width of the nasal cavity near the floor?

<p>1.5cm (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is involved in the motor innervation of the nasal cavity?

<p>Facial nerve branches (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the posterior boundary of the nasal cavity known as?

<p>Choanae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nasal cavity is closest to the nostrils?

<p>Vestibule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the length of the roof of the nasal cavity?

<p>7 cm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary component of the nasal septum that contributes to its bony structure?

<p>Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is associated with the cuticular formation of the nasal septum?

<p>Fibro-fatty tissue and skin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the arterial supply of the nasal septum primarily associated with?

<p>Sphenopalatine artery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nerves provides special sensory nerve supply to the nasal septum?

<p>Olfactory nerve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the lateral wall of the nose is lined by modified skin with vibrissae?

<p>Nasal vestibule (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What venous drainage is primarily associated with Kiesselbach's plexus?

<p>Facial vein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure separates the nasal conchae from the meatuses?

<p>Limen nasi (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical feature serves as a boundary for the posterior part of the nasal cavity?

<p>Pharyngeal opening of the auditory tube (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the buccopharyngeal fascia in the wall of the pharynx?

<p>To coat the exterior of the muscle wall (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle of the pharynx is supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve?

<p>Stylopharyngeus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the constrictor muscles in the pharynx?

<p>Aiding in swallowing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a group of the paranasal air sinuses?

<p>Occipital sinuses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Killian's dehiscence is primarily associated with which two muscles?

<p>Thyropharyngeal and cricopharyngeus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lymphatic drainage of the pharynx primarily goes to which of the following?

<p>Deep cervical lymph nodes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artery is NOT involved in the blood supply of the pharynx?

<p>Radial artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium lines the paranasal sinuses?

<p>Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the nose is most commonly associated with epistaxis due to its vascular nature?

<p>Kiesselbach's area (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical significance of Kiesselbach's plexus?

<p>It is a common site for nasal bleeding. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of injury is defined as a break or crack in the bone or cartilage of the nose?

<p>Nasal fracture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure forms the upper boundary of the pharynx?

<p>Base of the skull (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The oropharynx is located in front of which vertebrae?

<p>C2 and C3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical feature is associated with communication between the nasopharynx and oropharynx?

<p>Pharyngeal isthmus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tonsils are located in the nasopharynx?

<p>Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structures contribute to the formation of the laryngopharynx?

<p>Arytenoid and cricoid cartilages (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure opens into the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity?

<p>Nasolacrimal duct (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hiatal semilunaris in the nasal cavity?

<p>To act as a passage for the maxillary sinus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following structures opens at the sphenoethmoidal recess?

<p>Sphenoidal sinus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is responsible for the special sensory supply to the nasal cavity?

<p>Olfactory nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is corrected by submucosal resection of the nasal septum?

<p>Septal deviation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which branch of the the maxillary nerve supplies the anterior superior alveolar area?

<p>Pterygopalatine ganglion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following arteries contributes to the arterial supply of the lateral wall of the nose?

<p>Maxillary artery (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which sinuses open into the anterior part of the hiatal semilunaris?

<p>Frontal and anterior ethmoidal sinuses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is the nasal septum?

The middle wall that divides the nasal cavity into two halves. It's made of bone and cartilage and covered by mucous membrane.

What are the bony components of the nasal septum?

The perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and the vomer bone.

What is the 'Septal Cartilage'?

This cartilage forms the main part of the nasal septum.

What is the nerve supply of the upper part of the nasal septum?

The superior part of the septum: supplied by the anterior ethmoidal nerve, which comes from the ophthalmic nerve.

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What nerves supply the olfactory zone in the nasal septum?

This area is supplied by the long and short sphenopalatine nerves.

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What is Kiesselbach's plexus?

This is a collection of small blood vessels at the front of the nasal septum, prone to nosebleeds.

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What is the vestibule of the nose?

It's the front part of the nose inside, lined by skin with hairs called vibrissae.

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What are the nasal conchae?

These are curved bony structures in the nasal cavity that increase surface area to warm and humidify air.

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Inferior Meatus

The space below the inferior concha, where the nasolacrimal duct opens.

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Bulla Ethmoidalis

A bony bulge in the middle meatus, housing the middle ethmoid cells.

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Hiatus Semilunaris

A crescent-shaped space below the bulla ethmoidalis, where the maxillary sinus opens.

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Ethmoidal Infundibulum

A short passage at the anterior end of the hiatus semilunaris, where the anterior ethmoidal and frontal sinuses open.

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Sphenoethmoidal Recess

The area above and behind the superior concha where the sphenoidal sinus opens.

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Lateral Wall Arterial Supply

The main blood supply to the lateral wall of the nose.

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Lateral Wall Nerve Supply

The nerves that provide sensory innervation to the lateral wall of the nose.

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Spread of Infection

The spread of infection through the cribriform plate can lead to inflammation of the brain.

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What are the parts of the external nose?

The external nose is the visible part of the nose. It's shaped like a pyramid and has a tip (apex), root, and dorsum. The nostrils, or nares, are the openings of the nose.

  • Apex: Tip of the nose
  • Root: Base of the nose where it connects to the forehead
  • Dorsum: Bridge of the nose
  • Nostrils (Nares): Two openings at the bottom of the nose
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What is the nasal cavity and where does it extend?

The nasal cavity is the hollow space inside the nose. It's divided into two halves by the nasal septum. It extends from the nostrils to the choanae, which are the openings in the back of the nose that lead to the pharynx.

  • Vestibule: The area near the nostrils, lined with skin, hairs, and sebaceous glands.
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What bones make up the roof of the nasal cavity?

The roof of the nasal cavity is formed by different bones depending on the location:

  • Ethmoid bone (cribriform plate): Middle section
  • Nasal part of the frontal bone, nasal bones, and nasal cartilages: Anterior slope
  • Inferior surface of the body of the sphenoid bone: Posterior slope
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What bones make up the floor of the nasal cavity?

The floor of the nasal cavity is made of the palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal plate of the palatine bone.

  • Concave from side to side: It curves inwards.
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What are the conchae and where are they located?

The lateral wall of the nasal cavity is the side wall. It has three bony projections called conchae (superior, middle, and inferior) that increase the surface area of the nasal cavity and help warm, filter, and humidify air.

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What is the function of the conchae?

The three conchae (superior, middle, and inferior) are bony projections on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. They increase the surface area of the nasal cavity and help with warming, filtering, and humidifying inhaled air.

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What are the functions of the nasal cavity?

The nasal cavity is responsible for:

  • Warming inhaled air: Blood vessels within the nasal cavity warm the air before it enters the lungs.
  • Filtering inhaled air: Hair, mucus, and cilia trap dust and other particles.
  • Humidifying inhaled air: The moist lining of the nasal cavity adds moisture to the air.
  • Smell: The olfactory epithelium, located in the roof of the nasal cavity, contains receptors for smell.
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What is Little's area?

The area at the front of the nasal septum where Kiesselbach's plexus is located.

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What is Allergic Rhinitis?

A condition where the lining of the nasal passages is swollen and inflamed.

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What is the Pharynx?

A 12-14 cm long muscular and membranous tube connecting the back of the nose to the larynx.

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What is the Nasopharynx?

The part of the pharynx that lies behind the nasal cavity.

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What is the Oropharynx?

The part of the pharynx located behind the mouth.

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What is the Laryngopharynx?

The part of the pharynx that connects to the larynx.

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What are Adenoids?

A small, fleshy mass located in the nasopharynx that can be enlarged in some people, causing breathing difficulties.

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Sinus Development Timeline

The development of the frontal, sphenoidal, ethmoid, maxillary sinuses in a newborn and throughout childhood.

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Maxillary Sinus Development

The maxillary sinuses are fully developed at birth, providing aeration to the skull.

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Frontal & Sphenoidal Sinus Development

The frontal and sphenoidal sinuses start developing around 6-7 years old, adding to the skull's structural integrity.

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Ethmoid Sinus Development

The ethmoid sinuses continue to develop slowly during puberty until about 17-18 years of age.

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Functions of Paranasal Sinuses

The paranasal sinuses reduce skull weight, warm and humidify air, resonate sound, and act as shock absorbers, contributing to nasal health and overall well-being.

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What is Killian's Dehiscence?

A triangular area in the pharynx between the thyropharyngeal and cricopharyngeus muscles, forming a potential weak spot for a pharyngoesophageal diverticulum (Zenker's diverticulum).

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What are paranasal air sinuses?

Air-filled spaces within the bones surrounding the nasal cavity, named after the bone they are located in.

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What is the lining of the paranasal sinuses?

They are lined with mucoperiosteum (mucus-secreting membrane) and filled with air.

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How do the paranasal sinuses connect to the nasal cavity?

They communicate with the nasal cavity through small openings.

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What type of epithelium lines the paranasal sinuses?

They are lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

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Where are the paranasal sinuses located?

They are located in the maxillary, frontal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.

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What are the constrictors of the pharynx?

The superior, middle, and inferior constrictors, all originating from the posterior wall of the nasal, oral, and laryngeal cavities.

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What are the longitudinal muscles of the pharynx?

These include stylopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus, and salpingopharyngeus.

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Study Notes

Respiratory System - Anatomy of Respiratory Tract

  • The presentation covers the anatomy of the respiratory tract, focusing on the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea and its divisions.
  • Learning outcomes include an introduction to the respiratory tract's functions and structures, identification of its divisions, understanding its innervation, and detailed anatomy of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and their subdivisions.
  • The upper respiratory tract consists of the nose, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. The diagram illustrates these structures and includes the frontal and sphenoidal sinuses, the tongue, trachea, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, and esophagus.

Nose Anatomy

  • The external nose has a pyramidal shape, with parts including: apex (tip), root, dorsum, nostrils (nares), medially-nasal septum, and laterally-ala of nose.
  • The nasal cavity is divided into two halves by the nasal septum. It's asymmetrical. Extending from the nostrils to the choanae (posterior openings), it includes a vestibule close to the nostrils, lined by skin, hairs, and sebaceous glands.
  • The nasal cavity has a roof, floor, medial wall, and lateral wall. Measurements include: 5cm height, 5-7cm length, 1.5cm width at the floor, and 1-2mm width at the roof.
  • The roof is primarily formed by the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.
  • The floor is formed by the horizontal plate of the palatine bone and palatine process of the maxilla.

Nose Blood Supply and Innervation

  • Arterial supply includes the dorsal nasal branch (ophthalmic), infraorbital (maxillary), alar and septal (facial).
  • Sensory innervation consists of external nasal, infratrochlear (opthalmic), and infraorbital (maxillary).
  • Motor innervation is provided by facial nerve branches.

Nasal Septum

  • The nasal septum is the median osseocartilaginous partition separating the nasal cavity's two halves.
  • It's covered by mucous membrane forming the medial wall. It contains both bony and cartilaginous parts.
  • Bony components are the perpendicular plate of ethmoid and vomer.
  • Cartilaginous components include septal cartilage and inferior nasal cartilage.
  • The cuticular component is the fibro-fatty tissue and skin, also called the columella.
  • Arterial supply includes Kiesselbach's plexus, anterior and posterior ethmoidals, sphenopalatines, and facial arteries.

Nasal Septum Venous Drainage

  • Drainage includes Kiesselbach's plexus, facial vein, sphenopalatine vein, and pterygoid venous plexus.

Nasal Septum Nerve Supply

  • Sensory supply includes anterior ethmoidal (ophthalmic), posterior superior lateral nasal (maxillary), and anterior superior alveolar (maxillary) nerves. Important special sensory innervation is from olfactory nerves.

Lateral Wall of the Nose

  • The lateral wall of the nose has three parts: vestibule; atrium of middle meatus; parts containing concha.
  • Spaces separating the conchae are referred to as meatuses.
  • Specific structures of the lateral wall include agger nasi, a mucous ridge, and the middle, superior, and inferior meatuses.
    • Specifically the middle meatus has structures around the bony bulging, bulla ethmoidalis, hiatus semilunaris and its extension-ethmoid infundibulum which leads to the anterior and middle ethmoidal and frontal sinuses.

Conchae and Meatuses

  • Descriptions of the inferior, middle, and superior conchae and associated meatuses are included, along with descriptions of their spatial relationships and the structures that open into them.
  • These meatuses are important for air movement and filtering.

Nasal Passages and Openings

  • Structures that open into the nasal cavities include nasolacrimal duct, frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, anterior and middle ethmoidal cells, posterior ethmoidal cells, sphenoidal sinus.

Paranasal Air Sinuses

  • These air-filled cavities are located in the bones surrounding the nasal cavity.
  • There are four groups: maxillary (antrum of highmore), ethmoid, frontal, and sphenoid sinuses.
  • They are lined by mucoperiosteum and filled with air.
  • Sinuses communicate with nasal cavities.
  • Specific sinuses, like maxillary sinuses, may be aerated at birth, and others like frontal and sphenoidal develop during different stages.

Paranasal Air Sinus Functions

  • Functions include decreasing skull weight, warming, moistening, and filtering incoming air, resonating chamber for voice, acting as shock absorbers in trauma, and possibly helping control the immune system.
  • Blockages of the sinuses' openings can severely impact speech quality.

Paranasal Air Sinus Clinical Significance

  • Sinusitis, an inflammation or swelling of the sinus tissue, is related to sinus blockage, fluid buildup, and potential infections.
  • Common cold, allergic rhinitis, nasal polyps, and deviated nasal septum can contribute to sinusitis.

Trachea and Bronchial Tree

  • Structures showing divisions of trachea into primary bronchi, secondary (lobar) bronchi, tertiary (segmental) bronchi, smaller bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles, along with alveolar ducts and sacs.

Pharynx

  • The pharynx is a 12-14 cm long, musculomembranous, inverted-cone shaped tube extending from the cranial base to the cricoid cartilage, continuous with the esophagus.
  • It is divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
  • The nasopharynx contains openings for the auditory tubes, salpingopharyngeal and salpingopalatine folds, tubal tonsils and pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids).
  • The oropharynx lies in front of the C2 and upper part of C3 vertebrae, and possesses palatopharyngeal folds/arches, the palatine tonsils, and tonsilar sinus.
  • Laryngopharynx is found in front of C3-C6 vertebra and consists of an inlet of larynx, arytenoid and cricoid cartilages.
  • The wall of the pharynx is made up of muscles and fasciae. Buccopharyngeal and pharyngobasilar fasciae are notable components of this wall.

Killian's Dehiscence

  • A triangular weak area in the pharynx between the thyropharyngeal and cricopharyngeal muscles, potentially predisposing to diverticula (Zenker's diverticulum).

Applied Anatomy

  • Presentations discussed nasal obstruction from deviated septum, epistaxis, spread of infection to the middle cranial fossa, nasal fracture, nasal polyps, and allergic rhinitis.

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Respiratory System Anatomy PDF

Description

This quiz explores the anatomy and physiological functions of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. It covers developmental timelines, structures involved, and common conditions such as sinusitis. Test your knowledge on key features and functions of these important respiratory components.

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