Podcast
Questions and Answers
At what age do the frontal and sphenoidal sinuses typically begin to develop?
At what age do the frontal and sphenoidal sinuses typically begin to develop?
Which of the following are functions of the paranasal air sinus?
Which of the following are functions of the paranasal air sinus?
Which statement explains what occurs when the apertures of the sinuses are blocked?
Which statement explains what occurs when the apertures of the sinuses are blocked?
What is sinusitis primarily characterized by?
What is sinusitis primarily characterized by?
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Which anatomical structures are primarily involved in the development of the ethmoidal sinuses?
Which anatomical structures are primarily involved in the development of the ethmoidal sinuses?
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Which feature is not a part of the external nose anatomy?
Which feature is not a part of the external nose anatomy?
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What artery supplies blood to the external nasal region?
What artery supplies blood to the external nasal region?
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What structure divides the nasal cavity into two halves?
What structure divides the nasal cavity into two halves?
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Which of the following dimensions best describes the width of the nasal cavity near the floor?
Which of the following dimensions best describes the width of the nasal cavity near the floor?
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Which nerve is involved in the motor innervation of the nasal cavity?
Which nerve is involved in the motor innervation of the nasal cavity?
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What is the posterior boundary of the nasal cavity known as?
What is the posterior boundary of the nasal cavity known as?
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Which part of the nasal cavity is closest to the nostrils?
Which part of the nasal cavity is closest to the nostrils?
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What is the length of the roof of the nasal cavity?
What is the length of the roof of the nasal cavity?
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What is the primary component of the nasal septum that contributes to its bony structure?
What is the primary component of the nasal septum that contributes to its bony structure?
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Which structure is associated with the cuticular formation of the nasal septum?
Which structure is associated with the cuticular formation of the nasal septum?
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What is the arterial supply of the nasal septum primarily associated with?
What is the arterial supply of the nasal septum primarily associated with?
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Which of the following nerves provides special sensory nerve supply to the nasal septum?
Which of the following nerves provides special sensory nerve supply to the nasal septum?
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Which part of the lateral wall of the nose is lined by modified skin with vibrissae?
Which part of the lateral wall of the nose is lined by modified skin with vibrissae?
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What venous drainage is primarily associated with Kiesselbach's plexus?
What venous drainage is primarily associated with Kiesselbach's plexus?
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Which structure separates the nasal conchae from the meatuses?
Which structure separates the nasal conchae from the meatuses?
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Which anatomical feature serves as a boundary for the posterior part of the nasal cavity?
Which anatomical feature serves as a boundary for the posterior part of the nasal cavity?
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What is the primary role of the buccopharyngeal fascia in the wall of the pharynx?
What is the primary role of the buccopharyngeal fascia in the wall of the pharynx?
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Which muscle of the pharynx is supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve?
Which muscle of the pharynx is supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve?
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What is the primary function of the constrictor muscles in the pharynx?
What is the primary function of the constrictor muscles in the pharynx?
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Which of the following is NOT a group of the paranasal air sinuses?
Which of the following is NOT a group of the paranasal air sinuses?
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Killian's dehiscence is primarily associated with which two muscles?
Killian's dehiscence is primarily associated with which two muscles?
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The lymphatic drainage of the pharynx primarily goes to which of the following?
The lymphatic drainage of the pharynx primarily goes to which of the following?
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Which artery is NOT involved in the blood supply of the pharynx?
Which artery is NOT involved in the blood supply of the pharynx?
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What type of epithelium lines the paranasal sinuses?
What type of epithelium lines the paranasal sinuses?
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Which area of the nose is most commonly associated with epistaxis due to its vascular nature?
Which area of the nose is most commonly associated with epistaxis due to its vascular nature?
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What is the anatomical significance of Kiesselbach's plexus?
What is the anatomical significance of Kiesselbach's plexus?
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What type of injury is defined as a break or crack in the bone or cartilage of the nose?
What type of injury is defined as a break or crack in the bone or cartilage of the nose?
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Which structure forms the upper boundary of the pharynx?
Which structure forms the upper boundary of the pharynx?
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The oropharynx is located in front of which vertebrae?
The oropharynx is located in front of which vertebrae?
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What anatomical feature is associated with communication between the nasopharynx and oropharynx?
What anatomical feature is associated with communication between the nasopharynx and oropharynx?
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Which tonsils are located in the nasopharynx?
Which tonsils are located in the nasopharynx?
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Which structures contribute to the formation of the laryngopharynx?
Which structures contribute to the formation of the laryngopharynx?
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Which structure opens into the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity?
Which structure opens into the inferior meatus of the nasal cavity?
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What is the role of the hiatal semilunaris in the nasal cavity?
What is the role of the hiatal semilunaris in the nasal cavity?
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Which of the following structures opens at the sphenoethmoidal recess?
Which of the following structures opens at the sphenoethmoidal recess?
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Which nerve is responsible for the special sensory supply to the nasal cavity?
Which nerve is responsible for the special sensory supply to the nasal cavity?
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What condition is corrected by submucosal resection of the nasal septum?
What condition is corrected by submucosal resection of the nasal septum?
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Which branch of the the maxillary nerve supplies the anterior superior alveolar area?
Which branch of the the maxillary nerve supplies the anterior superior alveolar area?
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Which of the following arteries contributes to the arterial supply of the lateral wall of the nose?
Which of the following arteries contributes to the arterial supply of the lateral wall of the nose?
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Which sinuses open into the anterior part of the hiatal semilunaris?
Which sinuses open into the anterior part of the hiatal semilunaris?
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Study Notes
Respiratory System - Anatomy of Respiratory Tract
- The presentation covers the anatomy of the respiratory tract, focusing on the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea and its divisions.
- Learning outcomes include an introduction to the respiratory tract's functions and structures, identification of its divisions, understanding its innervation, and detailed anatomy of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and their subdivisions.
- The upper respiratory tract consists of the nose, nasal cavity, nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx. The diagram illustrates these structures and includes the frontal and sphenoidal sinuses, the tongue, trachea, oropharynx, laryngopharynx, and esophagus.
Nose Anatomy
- The external nose has a pyramidal shape, with parts including: apex (tip), root, dorsum, nostrils (nares), medially-nasal septum, and laterally-ala of nose.
- The nasal cavity is divided into two halves by the nasal septum. It's asymmetrical. Extending from the nostrils to the choanae (posterior openings), it includes a vestibule close to the nostrils, lined by skin, hairs, and sebaceous glands.
- The nasal cavity has a roof, floor, medial wall, and lateral wall. Measurements include: 5cm height, 5-7cm length, 1.5cm width at the floor, and 1-2mm width at the roof.
- The roof is primarily formed by the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone.
- The floor is formed by the horizontal plate of the palatine bone and palatine process of the maxilla.
Nose Blood Supply and Innervation
- Arterial supply includes the dorsal nasal branch (ophthalmic), infraorbital (maxillary), alar and septal (facial).
- Sensory innervation consists of external nasal, infratrochlear (opthalmic), and infraorbital (maxillary).
- Motor innervation is provided by facial nerve branches.
Nasal Septum
- The nasal septum is the median osseocartilaginous partition separating the nasal cavity's two halves.
- It's covered by mucous membrane forming the medial wall. It contains both bony and cartilaginous parts.
- Bony components are the perpendicular plate of ethmoid and vomer.
- Cartilaginous components include septal cartilage and inferior nasal cartilage.
- The cuticular component is the fibro-fatty tissue and skin, also called the columella.
- Arterial supply includes Kiesselbach's plexus, anterior and posterior ethmoidals, sphenopalatines, and facial arteries.
Nasal Septum Venous Drainage
- Drainage includes Kiesselbach's plexus, facial vein, sphenopalatine vein, and pterygoid venous plexus.
Nasal Septum Nerve Supply
- Sensory supply includes anterior ethmoidal (ophthalmic), posterior superior lateral nasal (maxillary), and anterior superior alveolar (maxillary) nerves. Important special sensory innervation is from olfactory nerves.
Lateral Wall of the Nose
- The lateral wall of the nose has three parts: vestibule; atrium of middle meatus; parts containing concha.
- Spaces separating the conchae are referred to as meatuses.
- Specific structures of the lateral wall include agger nasi, a mucous ridge, and the middle, superior, and inferior meatuses.
- Specifically the middle meatus has structures around the bony bulging, bulla ethmoidalis, hiatus semilunaris and its extension-ethmoid infundibulum which leads to the anterior and middle ethmoidal and frontal sinuses.
Conchae and Meatuses
- Descriptions of the inferior, middle, and superior conchae and associated meatuses are included, along with descriptions of their spatial relationships and the structures that open into them.
- These meatuses are important for air movement and filtering.
Nasal Passages and Openings
- Structures that open into the nasal cavities include nasolacrimal duct, frontal sinus, maxillary sinus, anterior and middle ethmoidal cells, posterior ethmoidal cells, sphenoidal sinus.
Paranasal Air Sinuses
- These air-filled cavities are located in the bones surrounding the nasal cavity.
- There are four groups: maxillary (antrum of highmore), ethmoid, frontal, and sphenoid sinuses.
- They are lined by mucoperiosteum and filled with air.
- Sinuses communicate with nasal cavities.
- Specific sinuses, like maxillary sinuses, may be aerated at birth, and others like frontal and sphenoidal develop during different stages.
Paranasal Air Sinus Functions
- Functions include decreasing skull weight, warming, moistening, and filtering incoming air, resonating chamber for voice, acting as shock absorbers in trauma, and possibly helping control the immune system.
- Blockages of the sinuses' openings can severely impact speech quality.
Paranasal Air Sinus Clinical Significance
- Sinusitis, an inflammation or swelling of the sinus tissue, is related to sinus blockage, fluid buildup, and potential infections.
- Common cold, allergic rhinitis, nasal polyps, and deviated nasal septum can contribute to sinusitis.
Trachea and Bronchial Tree
- Structures showing divisions of trachea into primary bronchi, secondary (lobar) bronchi, tertiary (segmental) bronchi, smaller bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles, along with alveolar ducts and sacs.
Pharynx
- The pharynx is a 12-14 cm long, musculomembranous, inverted-cone shaped tube extending from the cranial base to the cricoid cartilage, continuous with the esophagus.
- It is divided into nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx.
- The nasopharynx contains openings for the auditory tubes, salpingopharyngeal and salpingopalatine folds, tubal tonsils and pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids).
- The oropharynx lies in front of the C2 and upper part of C3 vertebrae, and possesses palatopharyngeal folds/arches, the palatine tonsils, and tonsilar sinus.
- Laryngopharynx is found in front of C3-C6 vertebra and consists of an inlet of larynx, arytenoid and cricoid cartilages.
- The wall of the pharynx is made up of muscles and fasciae. Buccopharyngeal and pharyngobasilar fasciae are notable components of this wall.
Killian's Dehiscence
- A triangular weak area in the pharynx between the thyropharyngeal and cricopharyngeal muscles, potentially predisposing to diverticula (Zenker's diverticulum).
Applied Anatomy
- Presentations discussed nasal obstruction from deviated septum, epistaxis, spread of infection to the middle cranial fossa, nasal fracture, nasal polyps, and allergic rhinitis.
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Description
This quiz explores the anatomy and physiological functions of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses. It covers developmental timelines, structures involved, and common conditions such as sinusitis. Test your knowledge on key features and functions of these important respiratory components.
