29 Questions
Where is the Middle Mediastinum located?
Inferior to the sternal angle
Which layer of the pericardium prevents overfilling of the heart?
Fibrous Pericardium
What is the function of Endocardium in the heart?
Prevents clotting of blood within the heart
Which structure forms a barrier between the oxygen-hungry myocardium and blood?
Endocardium
What is the role of Serous Pericardium in relation to fibrous pericardium?
Lines the internal surface of fibrous pericardium
How does the Middle Mediastinum relate to the lungs?
Flanked by two lungs
What is the function of the Tricuspid Valve?
It opens under ventricular pressure.
Which valve is located between the left ventricle and the aorta?
Aortic Valve
What type of sound is associated with the closure of the AV Valve?
Lubb
How many pocket-like cusps do each of the SemiLunar Valves consist of?
3
During which phase does the Semilunar Valve open?
Ventricular contraction
What is required for the heart to function?
O2, Nutrients, and Action Potentials
What is the normal electrical axis range in degrees?
30 to 105 degrees
In which direction is the electrical axis usually oriented?
'Right Shoulder to Left Leg'
What does a QRS negative in lead I and positive in aVF indicate?
Right Axis Deviation
What method is used to determine the electrical axis from an ECG trace?
Peak Height Measurement Method
What does QRS positive in lead I and negative in aVF indicate?
Left Axis Deviation
What causes repolarization in cardiac cells?
Closure of Ca+ channels and opening of K+ channels
Which ions are responsible for depolarization in cardiac cells?
Na+
What happens during plateau phase in cardiac cell action potentials?
Fast Na+ channels inactivate, K+ efflux occurs, and Ca+ channels open
What triggers further release of Ca+ by the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum in cardiac cells?
Activation of Voltage-Gated Ca+ channels
In which type of cardiac cells are Fast 'Non-Pacemaker' Type action potentials found?
Purkinje Fibres
What is responsible for making the membrane potential more negative during repolarization in cardiac cells?
K+ Efflux
What is the role of action potentials in the conduction network of the heart?
Carry the contraction impulse from Bundle Branches to the Ventricles
What effect does direct stimulation of the Parasympathetic NS have on heart rate?
Slows heart rate
How does the sympathetic nervous system affect the heart?
Raises heart rate and increases force of contraction
What effect does NorAdrenaline have on the heart when released by the Sympathetic NS?
Initiates a Cyclic AMP Pathway in muscle tissue
What is one characteristic of action potentials in comparison to Ventricular Myocardial Fibers?
Their depolarization is more pronounced and plateau is longer
What happens when AcetylCholine binds to Muscarinic receptors in SA/AV Nodes?
Hyperpolarizes the cell leading to a delayed threshold
This quiz covers the anatomy of the middle mediastinum, including structures like the heart, pericardium, great vessels, trachea, and esophagus. Learn about its location, neighboring structures, and specific characteristics.
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