Questions and Answers
How big is the heart?
Approximately the size of a fist
How much does the heart weigh?
Varies with body height and weight; it averages approximately 250 to 300g in females and 300-350g in males.
Where is the position of the heart within the body?
It is found in the mediastinum and 2/3 of it lies left of the midline with 1/3 on the right.
What forms the apex of the heart?
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The base of the heart is directed where?
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Where does the heart apex point to?
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What forms the base of the heart?
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How many surfaces does the heart have?
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What are the surfaces of the heart?
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What forms the sternocostal surface of the heart?
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What forms the diaphragmatic surface of the heart?
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What forms the base surface of the heart?
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How many borders of the heart are there?
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What are the borders of the heart?
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What forms the right border of the heart?
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What forms the inferior border of the heart?
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What forms the left border of the heart?
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What forms the superior border of the heart?
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Auricles are found at the ____ only.
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The coronary sulcus marks the border between what?
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What do the two interventricular sulci mark?
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The sulci are filled with ____.
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What is the pericardium?
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The pericardium is composed of how many layers?
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What are the layers of the pericardium?
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What are the characteristics of the fibrous pericardium?
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What are the two serous pericardium layers?
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What does the parietal pericardium layer line?
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What does the visceral pericardium layer a.k.a epicardium line?
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The fibrous pericardium firmly blends (attaches) with what?
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Where do the two serous pericardium layers become continuous?
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What separates the two serous pericardium layers?
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What are the functions of the pericardium?
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What is the blood supply of the pericardium?
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What is the nerve supply of the pericardium?
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What happens during cardiac tamponade?
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What are pericardial sinuses?
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What are the two pericardial sinuses?
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Where is the oblique sinus of the pericardium located?
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How is the oblique sinus of the pericardium formed?
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Where is the transverse sinus of pericardium located?
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Why is the transverse sinus of the pericardium important to cardiac surgeons?
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What are the three layers of the heart?
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How many openings does the right atrium have?
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What are the openings of the right atrium?
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What are the features of the right atrium?
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What are pectinate muscles like?
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What vessels does the smooth posterior wall receive?
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What are the internal features of the right atrium?
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What is the fossa ovalis?
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What is the limbus fossa ovalis?
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Where is the SA node located?
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Where is the AV node located?
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What are the general features of the right ventricle?
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Describe the course that the blood takes in the right ventricle.
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What are the features of the right ventricle?
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Where is the cordae tendinae located?
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What do the cordae tendinae look like?
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What is the function of the cordae tendinae?
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Papillary muscles are divided into 3. What are they?
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What are the papillary muscles?
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What is the function of the papillary muscles?
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Describe the three papillary muscles.
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What is the moderator band?
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What is the function of the moderator band?
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What are the cusps of the tricuspid valve?
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Where is the pulmonary valve located?
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What is the function of semilunar cusps?
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At which surface is the left atrium located?
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In left atrium, Windsock-like left auricle forms the ___ part of the left border.
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Left atrium has a slightly thicker wall than right atrium.
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What are the features of the left atrium?
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What is the function of the smooth-walled part of the left atrium?
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What is found on the interatrial wall of the left atrium?
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The Mitral valve opens to ___
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Mitral valve looks like ___
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What are the features of the left ventricle?
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Smooth-walled part of LV is the _____
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What is the difference between trabeculae carneae in left ventricle with those in the right ventricle?
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What are the two papillary muscles in the left ventricle?
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What is the function of the mitral valve?
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In bicuspid valve, anterior cusp is ___ than the posterior cusp (size).
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What is the function of the aortic valve?
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How many cusps does the aortic valve have?
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What are the 2 parts of the interventricular septum?
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Explain a little on the interventricular septum.
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How many sets of valves does the heart have?
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What are the valves between the atria and the ventricles called?
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What are the valves between the ventricles and arterial trunks called?
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How are AV and semilunar valves closed?
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Atrioventricular valves close during ____ whereas semilunar valves close during ____.
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Closing of AV valves produces ____ sound.
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Closing of semilunar valves produces ___ sound.
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Compare right & left ventricle in terms of shape in cross section.
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What is the blood flow course in the left ventricle?
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Study Notes
Size and Weight of the Heart
- Heart is approximately the size of a fist.
- Weighs around 250-300 grams in females and 300-350 grams in males, varying with body size.
Position and Orientation
- Located in the mediastinum, with 2/3 on the left and 1/3 on the right.
- Apex points towards the left hip; base directed toward the right shoulder.
Structure of the Heart
- Three main surfaces:
- Sternocostal/Anterior: Comprised mainly of the right ventricle, right atrium, and left ventricle.
- Diaphragmatic/Inferior: 2/3 comprised of the left ventricle and 1/3 of the right ventricle.
- Base/Posterior: Mainly formed by the left atrium.
- Four borders:
- Right border formed by the right atrium.
- Inferior border formed by the right ventricle and apex by the left ventricle.
- Left border formed by the left ventricle and left auricle.
- Superior border formed by the two auricles and pulmonary trunk.
Pericardium
- A double-walled fibrous sac encasing the heart with three layers:
- Superficial fibrous pericardium.
- Deep serous pericardium with parietal and visceral layers.
- Functions include protecting and anchoring the heart, preventing overfilling, and providing a friction-free environment.
Sinuses and Cavities
- Pericardial sinuses are blind pouches formed by the reflection of the parietal pericardium: oblique and transverse sinuses.
- Transverse sinus is critical for cardiac surgeries.
- Pericardial cavity contains 10-20ml of pericardial fluid separating the serous layers.
Heart Wall Layers
- Three layers of the heart:
- Epicardium: outer layer, also the visceral layer of the serous pericardium.
- Myocardium: muscular middle layer.
- Endocardium: inner endothelial lining of heart chambers and valves.
Right Atrium
- Contains six openings: SVC, IVC, coronary sinus, tricuspid orifice, anterior cardiac vein, and Thebesian veins.
- Features include larger, thinner walls compared to the left atrium, various muscle types, and internal structures like the fossa ovalis and nodes (SA and AV).
Right Ventricle
- Crescent-shaped with a U-shaped blood flow path.
- Features include cordae tendinae, papillary muscles (anterior, posterior, septal), and the moderator band.
- Functions of the papillary muscles and cordae tendinae include preventing valve prolapse and regurgitation.
Left Atrium
- Located at the posterior surface of the heart and has a slightly thicker wall than the right atrium.
- Features include large smooth wall for pulmonary veins, rough auricular walls, and the mitral valve leading into the left ventricle.
Left Ventricle
- Thicker walled than the right ventricle with a V-shaped blood flow path.
- Contains aortic vestibule, mitral valve, and two papillary muscles (anterior, posterior).
- Functions of the mitral valve include guarding the AV orifice and preventing backflow.
Valves of the Heart
- Four sets of valves:
- Atrioventricular valves (AV) between atria and ventricles.
- Semilunar valves between ventricles and arterial trunks.
- AV valves close during systole, while semilunar valves close during diastole, producing heart sounds: "Lub" for AV closure and "Dub" for semilunar closure.
Interventricular Septum
- Comprised of a membranous part (superior) and a muscular part (inferior).
- Lies vertically and bulges toward the right, providing structural integrity to the heart.
Shape Variations
- Cross-sectional shapes differ: right ventricle is crescentic, while left ventricle is circular.
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Description
This quiz focuses on essential facts about the anatomy of the heart. Learn about its size, weight, and position within the body through flashcards designed for quick study and retention. Perfect for students in health sciences or anyone keen to understand cardiac anatomy.