Anatomy of the Heart

The Heart

• A muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body
• Located in the thoracic cavity, between the lungs
• Divided into four chambers:
  • Right atrium: receives oxygen-depleted blood from the body
  • Right ventricle: pumps blood to the lungs
  • Left atrium: receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs
  • Left ventricle: pumps blood to the rest of the body
• Functions:
  • Pumping blood throughout the body
  • Regulating blood pressure
  • Maintaining circulation

The Circulation System

• Also known as the cardiovascular system
• Consists of:
  • Heart
  • Arteries: blood vessels that carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart
  • Veins: blood vessels that carry oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart
  • Capillaries: tiny blood vessels where oxygen and nutrients are exchanged
• Functions:
  • Delivering oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues
  • Removing waste products from cells and tissues
  • Regulating body temperature

Alcohol and its Effects on Health

• Ethanol, a psychoactive substance found in beverages
• Effects on the body:
  • Short-term:
    • Impaired judgment and coordination
    • Slowed reaction time
    • Increased risk of accidents and injuries
  • Long-term:
    • Liver damage and cirrhosis
    • Increased risk of certain cancers
    • Brain damage and cognitive impairment
  • Addiction and dependence
• Health risks associated with excessive alcohol consumption:
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Liver disease
  • Cancer
  • Neurological disorders

Cancer

• A group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth
• Types of cancer:
  • Carcinomas: arise from epithelial cells
  • Sarcomas: arise from connective tissue cells
  • Leukemias: arise from blood cells
  • Lymphomas: arise from immune cells
• Causes of cancer:
  • Genetic mutations
  • Environmental factors (e.g. radiation, chemicals)
  • Viruses and infections
• Stages of cancer:
  • Carcinogenesis: initiation and promotion of cancer
  • Tumor growth and progression
  • Metastasis: spread of cancer to other parts of the body

Classification

• In biology, classification refers to the process of grouping organisms into categories based on their characteristics
• Hierarchical classification system:
  • Domain: highest level of classification
  • Kingdom: level below domain
  • Phylum: level below kingdom
  • Class: level below phylum
  • Order: level below class
  • Family: level below order
  • Genus: level below family
  • Species: most specific level of classification
• Types of classification:
  • Artificial classification: based on superficial characteristics
  • Natural classification: based on evolutionary relationships
  • Phylogenetic classification: based on evolutionary history and relationships

The Heart

• A muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body
• Located in the thoracic cavity, between the lungs
• Divided into four chambers: right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, and left ventricle
• Right atrium receives oxygen-depleted blood from the body
• Right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs
• Left atrium receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs
• Left ventricle pumps blood to the rest of the body
• Functions: pumping blood, regulating blood pressure, and maintaining circulation

The Circulation System

• Also known as the cardiovascular system
• Consists of the heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries
• Arteries carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart
• Veins carry oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart
• Capillaries are tiny blood vessels where oxygen and nutrients are exchanged
• Functions: delivering oxygen and nutrients, removing waste products, and regulating body temperature

Alcohol and its Effects on Health

• Ethanol is a psychoactive substance found in beverages
• Short-term effects: impaired judgment and coordination, slowed reaction time, and increased risk of accidents and injuries
• Long-term effects: liver damage and cirrhosis, increased risk of certain cancers, brain damage, and cognitive impairment
• Addiction and dependence are also potential risks
• Health risks associated with excessive alcohol consumption: cardiovascular disease, liver disease, cancer, and neurological disorders

Cancer

• Characterized by uncontrolled cell growth
• Types of cancer: carcinomas, sarcomas, leukemias, and lymphomas
• Carcinomas arise from epithelial cells
• Sarcomas arise from connective tissue cells
• Leukemias arise from blood cells
• Lymphomas arise from immune cells
• Causes of cancer: genetic mutations, environmental factors, viruses, and infections
• Stages of cancer: carcinogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis

Classification

• Process of grouping organisms into categories based on their characteristics
• Hierarchical classification system: domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species
• Domain is the highest level of classification
• Kingdom is the level below domain
• Phylum is the level below kingdom
• Class is the level below phylum
• Order is the level below class
• Family is the level below order
• Genus is the level below family
• Species is the most specific level of classification
• Types of classification: artificial, natural, and phylogenetic