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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the interossei muscles?
What is the primary function of the interossei muscles?
Which nerve innervates the first two lumbricals?
Which nerve innervates the first two lumbricals?
How many dorsal interossei muscles are present in the hand?
How many dorsal interossei muscles are present in the hand?
What main artery forms the deep palmar arch?
What main artery forms the deep palmar arch?
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Which muscles are included in the hypothenar region?
Which muscles are included in the hypothenar region?
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What forms the dorsal venous network on the dorsum of the hand?
What forms the dorsal venous network on the dorsum of the hand?
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Which vein originates from the lateral aspect of the dorsal venous network?
Which vein originates from the lateral aspect of the dorsal venous network?
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What is the main function of the Palmaris brevis muscle?
What is the main function of the Palmaris brevis muscle?
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What structure is the Palmar aponeurosis deeply attached to?
What structure is the Palmar aponeurosis deeply attached to?
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How many compartments does the Palmar aponeurosis send septa towards?,
How many compartments does the Palmar aponeurosis send septa towards?,
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Which nerve innervates the Abductor Pollicis Brevis muscle?
Which nerve innervates the Abductor Pollicis Brevis muscle?
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What type of muscle is the Palmaris brevis classified as?
What type of muscle is the Palmaris brevis classified as?
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What is the primary role of synovial sheaths in the hand?
What is the primary role of synovial sheaths in the hand?
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What is the primary function of the palmar interossei muscles?
What is the primary function of the palmar interossei muscles?
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Which artery primarily forms the superficial palmar arch?
Which artery primarily forms the superficial palmar arch?
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Which nerve innervates the third and fourth lumbricals?
Which nerve innervates the third and fourth lumbricals?
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What is the primary function of the dorsal interossei muscles?
What is the primary function of the dorsal interossei muscles?
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What is a characteristic feature of the thenar region of the hand?
What is a characteristic feature of the thenar region of the hand?
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Which compartments does the Palmar aponeurosis create in the hand?
Which compartments does the Palmar aponeurosis create in the hand?
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What is the function of the Palmaris brevis muscle?
What is the function of the Palmaris brevis muscle?
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Which vein is formed from the medial aspect of the dorsal venous network?
Which vein is formed from the medial aspect of the dorsal venous network?
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Where are the synovial sheaths located in the hand?
Where are the synovial sheaths located in the hand?
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Which muscle is NOT part of the thenar region?
Which muscle is NOT part of the thenar region?
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Which nerve innervates the deep part of the Flexor Pollicis Brevis muscle?
Which nerve innervates the deep part of the Flexor Pollicis Brevis muscle?
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Which of the following best describes the Palmar aponeurosis?
Which of the following best describes the Palmar aponeurosis?
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What do the dorsal digital veins unite to form?
What do the dorsal digital veins unite to form?
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Study Notes
Dorsal and Palmar Aspects of the Hand
- Cutaneous Innervation: Nerves supply the skin of the hand.
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Superficial Veins: Veins on the surface of the hand.
- Dorsal Digital Veins: Begin on the back of the fingers
- Dorsal Metacarpal Veins: Formed by the union of dorsal digital veins
- Dorsal Venous Network: Network of veins on the back of the hand
- Cephalic Vein: Begins from the lateral side of the dorsal venous network
- Basilic Vein: Begins from the medial side of the dorsal venous network
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Palmar Digital Veins: Begin on the palm of the fingers
- Intercapitular Veins: Connect palmar digital veins to dorsal veins.
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Superficial Palmar Plexus: Network of veins on the palm of the hand
- Drains into the median vein of the forearm
- Located superficial to the palmar aponeurosis
Deep Fascia & Flexor Retinaculum
- Deep Fascia: A thick layer of connective tissue that encloses muscles and provides support.
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Flexor Retinaculum: A band of connective tissue that helps hold tendons in place.
- Found on the flexor aspect of the wrist
Palmar Aponeurosis
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Triangular shape: Fibrous sheath that covers the palm of the hand.
- Superficial attachment: Skin of the palm
- Deep attachment: Intrinsic muscles of the hand
- Proximal attachment: Flexor retinaculum
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Distal attachment: Forms four slips that extend to each finger.
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Septa: These slips divide the palm into three compartments.
- Thenar compartment (thumb side)
- Middle (central) compartment
- Hypothenar compartment (little finger side)
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Septa: These slips divide the palm into three compartments.
Palmaris Brevis Muscle
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Superficial muscle: Found on the ulnar side of the hand.
- Origin: Palmar aponeurosis and flexor retinaculum
- Insertion: Skin on the ulnar margin of the hand
- Innervation: Ulnar nerve
- Function: Wrinkles the skin of the palm, important for gripping.
Synovial Sheaths
- Location: Underneath the flexor and extensor retinaculum.
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Function: Enclose tendons within synovial sheaths, allowing them to glide smoothly over bones and other structures.
- Help prevent friction between tendons and bones.
Deep Fascia & Extensor Retinaculum
- Deep Fascia: A thick layer of connective tissue that encloses muscles and provides support.
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Extensor Retinaculum: A band of connective tissue that helps hold tendons in place.
- Found on the extensor aspect of the wrist.
Palmar Aponeurosis and Muscular Compartments
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Palmar Aponeurosis: Fibrous sheath that covers the palm of the hand.
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Septa: Divide the palm into three compartments.
- Thenar compartment (thumb side)
- Middle (central) compartment
- Hypothenar compartment (little finger side)
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Septa: Divide the palm into three compartments.
Muscles of the Thenar Region
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Abductor Pollicis Brevis: Moves the thumb away from the hand.
- Innervation: Median nerve
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Flexor Pollicis Brevis: Bends the thumb.
- Innervation: Median nerve (superficial part) and ulnar nerve (deep part)
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Opponens Pollicis: Allows the thumb to touch the fingertips.
- Innervation: Median nerve
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Adductor Pollicis: Pulls the thumb towards the palm.
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Innervation: Ulnar nerve
- Two heads: Transverse head and oblique head
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Innervation: Ulnar nerve
Muscles of the Hypothenar Region
- Palmaris Brevis: Wrinkles the skin of the palm
- Abductor Digiti Minimi: Moves the little finger away from the hand.
- Flexor Digiti Minimi: Bends the little finger.
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Opponens Digiti Minimi: Allows the little finger to touch the thumb.
- Innervation: All muscles in the hypothenar region by the ulnar nerve.
Interossei Muscles
- Deepest group of muscles in the hand.
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Four dorsal interossei: Abduct the fingers (move them apart).
- Location: Between the metacarpal bones
- Insertion: Dorsal digital expansions
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Three palmar interossei: Adduct the fingers (bring them together).
- Location: Between the metacarpal bones
- Insertion: Dorsal digital expansion (radial side)
Superficial Palmar Arch
- Formation: The ulnar artery joins a branch from the radial artery.
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Branches:
- Common palmar digital arteries
- Proper palmar digital arteries
Deep Palmar Arch
- Formation: The radial artery (takes a branch from the ulnar artery, namely the deep palmar branch).
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Branches:
- Palmar metacarpal arteries
- They join with the common palmar digital arteries.
- Palmar metacarpal arteries
Palmar and Dorsal Carpal Arches
- They are important for supplying blood to the hand and wrist.
Dorsal Aspect Cutaneous Innervation
- Dorsal digital veins unite to form dorsal metacarpal veins
- Dorsal metacarpal veins form dorsal venous network
- Cephalic vein originates from lateral side of dorsal venous network
- Basilic vein originates from medial side of dorsal venous network
Palmar Aspect Cutaneous Innervation
- Palmar digital veins originate from palmar aspect
- Palmar digital veins connect with dorsal digital veins through intercapitular veins
- Palmar digital veins drain into superficial palmar plexus
- Median vein of the forearm originates from the superficial palmar plexus
- Superficial palmar plexus is superficial to palmar aponeurosis
Deep Fascia and the Flexor Retinaculum
- Deep fascia of hand on flexor aspect is the palmar aponeurosis
- Palmar aponeurosis is triangular in shape
- Palmar aponeurosis is superficially attached to skin and deeply attached to intrinsic muscles of hand
- Palmar aponeurosis is proximally attached to flexor retinaculum and distally divides into 4 parts, each of which continues to each finger
- Palmar aponeurosis sends 2 septa towards the deep part of the hand, dividing it into 3 compartments: thenar, middle (central), and hypothenar
Palmaris Brevis Muscle
- Palmaris brevis is a superficial muscle located on the ulnar side of the hand
- Palmaris brevis originates from the palmar aponeurosis and flexor retinaculum
- Palmaris brevis inserts into the skin on the ulnar margin of the hand
- Palmaris brevis is innervated by the ulnar nerve
- Function of palmaris brevis is to wrinkle the skin of the palm, which aids in gripping
Synovial Sheaths
- Synovial sheaths are present under the flexor and extensor retinaculum
- Tendons of the extensor and flexor muscles are enclosed within these synovial sheaths either individually or as a group
- Synovial sheaths prevent the tendons from rubbing against the retinaculum and bones of the wrist
Deep Fascia and the Extensor Retinaculum
- Located on the extensor aspect of the hand
Palmar Aponeurosis and Muscular Compartments
- Deep fascia of hand on flexor aspect sends 2 septa towards deep part of the hand, creating 3 compartments: thenar, middle (central), and hypothenar
Muscles of the Thenar Region
- Abductor Pollicis Brevis: Innervated by the median nerve, abducts the thumb
- Flexor Pollicis Brevis: Has a superficial part innervated by the median nerve and a deep part innervated by the ulnar nerve, flexes the thumb
- Opponens Pollicis: Innervated by the median nerve, opposes the thumb
- Adductor Pollicis: Deepest muscle with two heads, transverse head and oblique head, innervated by the ulnar nerve, adducts the thumb
Deeper Layer of the Thenar Region
- Adductor Pollicis
Intermediate Compartment (Lumbricals)
- Originate from flexor digitorum profundus tendons
- Insert into the radial margin of the dorsal digital expansion
- First 2 lumbricals (index and middle) are innervated by the median nerve, 3 and 4 are innervated by the ulnar nerve
- Function: flexes the phalanges at the metacarpophalangeal joint and extends at the interphalangeal joint
Muscles of the Hypothenar Region
- Palmaris Brevis: Innervated by the ulnar nerve
- Abductor Digiti Minimi: Innervated by the ulnar nerve, abducts the little finger
- Flexor Digiti Minimi: Innervated by the ulnar nerve, flexes the little finger
- Opponens Digiti Minimi: Innervated by the ulnar nerve, opposes the little finger
Abductor Digiti Minimi, Flexor Digiti Minimi, Opponens Digiti Minimi
- All muscles located within the hypothenar region
- All muscles are innervated by the ulnar nerve
Interossei Muscles
- Deepest group of muscles, innervated by the ulnar nerve
- 4 dorsal interossei, 3 palmar interossei
- Dorsal Interossei: Located between metacarpal bones and insert into dorsal digital expansion, abduct the fingers
- Palmar Interossei: Located between metacarpal bones and insert into dorsal digital expansion (radial side), adduct the fingers
The Interossei
- Deepest group of hand muscles
Superficial Palmar Arch
- Formed primarily by the ulnar artery joining with a branch from the radial artery
- Branches of the superficial palmar arch: common palmar digital arteries and 2 proper palmar digital arteries
The Deep Palmar Arch
- Formed mainly by the radial artery, which receives a branch from the ulnar artery called the deep palmar branch
- Branches: palmar metacarpal arteries, which join with common palmar digital arteries
Palmar and Dorsal Carpal Arches
- Formed by the arteries and veins of the hand
Video Links
- Various videos on the anatomy of the forearm and hand, including innervation, clinical conditions, and animations.
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Description
Explore the intricate anatomy of the hand focusing on the dorsal and palmar aspects. This quiz covers cutaneous innervation, superficial veins, and deep fascia structures associated with the hand. Test your knowledge on relevant venous networks and their anatomical significance.
