LESSON 30 EYE
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the fibrous ocular membrane or tunic?

  • Regulating the amount of light entering the eye
  • Converting light into neural signals
  • Determining the anatomical shape of the eye (correct)
  • Producing tears to keep the eye moist

    • Which part of the eye is responsible for converting light into neural signals?

  • Retina (correct)
  • Choroid
  • Ciliary body
  • Iris

    • What is the main function of the uvea in the eye?

  • Regulating the amount of light entering the eye
  • Protecting the eye from foreign objects
  • Supplying blood to the structures of the eye (correct)
  • Producing aqueous humor for maintaining eye pressure

    • Which part of the eye is involved in regulating the amount of light entering the eye?

    <p>Iris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of photosensitive neurons have a large, euchromatin-rich nucleus located in the outer nuclear layer?

    <p>Rods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is present in the outer segment of rods and is phagocyted by the pigment epithelium?

    <p>Rhodopsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the retina has maximum acuity and contains mostly cones?

    <p>Macula lutea (fovea)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the thinnest portion of the retina and has no retinal cells, only nerve fibers forming the optic nerve?

    <p>Blind retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells lack axons, have small oval somas, and long dendrites interrelating with axonal endings, mainly of bipolar neurons?

    <p>Amacrine cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do ganglion cells form?

    <p>The optic nerve fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the eye's outer tunic?

    <p>Fibrous tunic (sclera and cornea)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the lens made up of?

    <p>Capsule, subcapsular epithelium, and fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the eye contains the aqueous humor?

    <p>Anterior compartment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pigment epithelium in the retina?

    <p>Absorbs excess light and transports nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the eye contains the vitreous body?

    <p>Posterior compartment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What composes the uvea, or vascular tunic, of the eye?

    <p>Choroid, ciliary body, iris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What connects the lens to the ciliary body?

    <p>Zonular fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anterior continuation of the sclera?

    <p>Cornea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the sclera?

    <p>Provides the eyeball with strong resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the choroid contain?

    <p>Blood vessels and pigmented cells to prevent light reflection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the eye is considered part of the central nervous system?

    <p>Retina proper</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the ciliary body in the eye?

    <p>Secreting aqueous humor and controlling the shape of the lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the choroid in the eye?

    <p>Providing blood supply to the retina and absorbing excess light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the sclera in the eye?

    <p>Maintaining the shape and protecting the inner structures of the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the fibrous ocular membrane or tunic in the eye?

    <p>Determining the anatomical shape of the eye and providing structural support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of the lens?

    <p>Capsule, subcapsular epithelium, and fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the eye is responsible for producing aqueous humor?

    <p>Ciliary body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the fibrous tunic of the eye?

    <p>Providing the eyeball with strong resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the pigment epithelium in the retina?

    <p>Absorbing excess light and transporting nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What composes the uvea, or vascular tunic, of the eye?

    <p>Choroid, ciliary body, iris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What connects the lens to the ciliary body?

    <p>Zonular fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the eye contains pigmented cells to prevent light reflection?

    <p>Choroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anterior continuation of the sclera?

    <p>Cornea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the eye is considered part of the central nervous system?

    <p>Retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do ganglion cells form?

    <p>Optic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the eye has undergone hyalinization and lost all organoids?

    <p>Fibers of the lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is present in the outer segment of rods and is phagocytosed by pigment epithelium?

    <p>Photoreceptor discs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the pigment epithelium in the retina?

    <p>Phagocytosis of degenerated parts of photosensitive neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is present in the outer segment of rods and is phagocytosed by the pigment epithelium?

    <p>Rhodopsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What composes the uvea, or vascular tunic, of the eye?

    <p>Iris, ciliary body, and choroid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area of the retina has maximum acuity and contains mostly cones?

    <p>Macula lutea (fovea)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the eye is involved in regulating the amount of light entering the eye?

    <p>Iris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the fibrous ocular membrane or tunic?

    <p>Protection and structural support for the eye</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of photosensitive neurons have a large, euchromatin-rich nucleus located in the outer nuclear layer?

    <p>Rods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What part of the eye contains the vitreous body?

    <p>Posterior segment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What connects the lens to the ciliary body?

    <p>Suspensory ligaments (zonules)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the eye contains the aqueous humor?

    <p>Anterior chamber</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is responsible for converting light into neural signals in the eye?

    <p>Photosensitive neurons (rods and cones)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • The eye is composed of several compartments, including the anterior and posterior compartments. The anterior compartment is located between the cornea and the vitreous body, contains the aqueous humor, and is divided into two chambers: the anterior and posterior chambers. The posterior compartment is filled by the vitreous body.

    • The lens is a biconvex disk located behind the iris, connected to the ciliary body through zonular fibers. It is made up of three parts: the capsule, subcapsular epithelium, and fibers of the lens.

    • The capsule is a homogeneous and refractile layer made up of type IV collagen fibers, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans. It lines the subcapsular epithelium of the lens and forms a basement membrane-like structure.

    • The subcapsular epithelium of the lens is the lens's growth zone, composed of cuboidal cells arranged as a layer below the anterior capsule.

    • The fibers of the lens are highly differentiated cells organized as a dense cell palisade, joined together by fissure junctions. They have undergone hyalinization and have lost all organoids.

    • The eye's outer tunic consists of the fibrous tunic (sclera and cornea). The sclera is a fibrous membrane mainly made up of collagen fibers, providing the eyeball with strong resistance. The cornea is the anterior continuation of the sclera and is transparent and avascular.

    • The uvea is the eye's vascular tunic, made up of the choroid, ciliary body, iris, and iridocorneal angle. The choroid is a layer rich in blood vessels and contains pigmented cells, preventing light reflection. The ciliary body is an anterior thickening of the choroid, with ciliary processes producing aqueous humor, and the iris is its most rostral expansion, with a pupil for light entry.

    • The retina is the eye's neuroepithelial and photoreceptor membrane, composed of a set of specialized neurons and considered part of the central nervous system. It includes the retina proper, macula lutea, blind or ciliary retina, and blind spot, with 10 layers: pigment epithelium, layer of rods and cones, outer limiting membrane, and more. The pigment epithelium absorbs excess light, transports nutrients, and interacts with the choroid.

    • The epithelium of the retina performs phagocytosis of degenerated parts of photosensitive neurons.

    • Two types of photosensitive neurons exist: rods and cones.

    • Rods have a large, euchromatin-rich nucleus located in the outer nuclear layer, and an elongated inner segment with numerous mitochondria and a basal body for the specialized cilium.

    • Outer segment of rods contains rhodopsin and is phagocyted by the pigment epithelium.

    • Cones have a similar morphology to rods but differ in their outer segment, which may have open disks with a relation to the external space.

    • Bipolar cells come in different types: rod bipolar neurons, dwarf bipolar cells, and flat bipolar cells, each with different morphology and functions.

    • Horizontal cells have a large, polygonal perikaryon, long thin cytoplasmic processes that contact bipolar and cone axonal terminations.

    • Amacrine cells lack axons, have small oval somas, and long dendrites interrelating with axonal endings, mainly of bipolar neurons.

    • Retina has distinct areas: macula lutea (fovea), ciliary or blind retina, and the blind spot.

    • Macula lutea (fovea) has maximum acuity and contains mostly cones.

    • Blind retina is the thinnest portion of the retina and has no retinal cells, only nerve fibers forming the optic nerve.

    • Ganglion cells have spherical and large somas, a central euchromatic nucleus, and numerous organoids in the cytoplasm.

    • Their axons form the optic nerve fibers, and the ganglion cell layer is covered by the inner limiting membrane.

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