Anatomy of the Eye Structures

Sternum = Dagger-shaped bone with the point downward Xiphoid process = Strong piece of cartilage at the tip of sternum Ribs = 12 pairs attached to vertebrae in the back and either to sternum or each other in front Skull = Protects the brain and gives the head its shape

Upper jaw (maxilla) = Forms the upper part of the jaw and contains the upper teeth Lower jaw (mandible) = Forms the lower part of the jawbone and holds the lower teeth Facial bones = Join with bones of the cranium to form eye and nose cavities Pelvic bone = Part of the hip bone and supports the body's weight when sitting

Metatarsals = Bones of the foot that connect toes to ankles Tarsals = Ankle bones and part of the foot arch Phalanges = Bones of the toes Fibula = Bone on the little toe side of the foot

<p>Brain = Organ that controls body functions and processes information Spinal cord = Nerve bundle that runs down the back and transmits signals between brain and body Nerves = Transmit signals between brain, spinal cord, and other parts of body Cranium = Plate-like bones fused together to form a rigid case for the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Voluntary muscles = Consciously controlled by the person Involuntary muscles = Contract and relax rhythmically without conscious effort Diaphragm muscle = Has characteristics of both voluntary and involuntary muscles Heart muscle = A good example of an involuntary muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brain = Protected by the skull Heart and lungs = Protected by the ribs Spinal cord = Protected by the vertebrae Diaphragm muscle = Used in breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Skeleton = Supporting structure that gives the body its shape Joints = Formed where two or more bones come together Bones = Serve as rigid levers for tendons and muscles Immovable joints = Allow no movement, as in the bones of the adult skull</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Body movement = Caused by several muscles working in combination Nerves in muscles = Carry impulses to and from the brain Contractions and relaxations = Some muscles contract while others relax Rate of breathing = Can be changed at will for short periods of time</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heart muscle = Example of an involuntary muscle Skeleton muscles = Voluntarily controlled to move the skeleton Diaphragm muscle = Has characteristics of both voluntary and involuntary muscles Immobilized joints = Allow no movement, like in adult skull bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulating system of heart = Controls heart rhythm involuntarily Respiratory system = Involves diaphragm muscle for breathing Musculoskeletal system = Supports body structure and allows movement Nervous system = Carries impulses to and from the brain for muscle control</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Airway = Passage for air from nose/mouth to lungs Lungs = Made up of air sacs and capillaries for gas exchange Diaphragm = Smooth, flat muscle used in breathing Alveoli = Air sacs where gas exchange occurs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bronchiole = Air tubes leading to the alveoli Pharynx = Top of the throat/back of the mouth Larynx = Contains vocal chords and protected by epiglottis Diaphragm = Muscle separating chest from abdominal cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen = ~21% inhaled, ~16% exhaled Carbon Dioxide = ~&lt;1% inhaled, ~&gt;4% exhaled Nitrogen = ~78% inhaled, ~79% exhaled Argon = ~0.93% inhaled, ~0.93% exhaled</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respiratory Centre in the Brain = Controls breathing Epiglottis = Protects airway during swallowing Capillaries surrounding air sacs = Facilitates gas exchange with blood Respiratory System = Causes air to be drawn in and out of lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gas Exchange = Process where blood picks up oxygen and releases carbon dioxide Respiratory Control = Function controlled by respiratory centre in the brain Variety of Air Tubes = Includes bronchioles leading to alveoli Blood Pressure Regulation = Body's response to continued blood loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Throat/Back of Mouth = Pharynx location Near Base of Neck = Location of Diaphragm Below the Lungs = Position of Bronchioles Surrounded by Capillaries = Lungs' air sacs location</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eyelid = Provides a protective covering for the eye Iris = Controls the size of the pupil Pupil = Lets light into the eye Conjunctiva = Covers the front of the eye and inner eyelids</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cornea = Transparent front of the eyeball that allows light to enter the eye Aqueous humour = Watery fluid filling the space between the cornea and the iris Lens = Changes shape to focus light rays upon the retina Muscles = Used to control eye movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Optic nerve = Transmits nerve impulses to the brain for visual interpretation Retina = Changes light images into nerve impulses Vitreous humour = Clear, jelly-like fluid filling the cavity behind the lens Iris = Coloured set of muscles which control the size of the pupil</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Digestive system = Converts food and drink into nutrients for cells Urinary system = Collects and disposes of solid and fluid waste Hollow organs = Carry digestive and urinary materials Solid organs = Tissue masses with a rich blood supply</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Injury to hollow organs = May allow contents to spill out into abdominal or pelvic cavities, causing infection Injury to solid organs = Can result in severe internal bleeding Injury to cornea = May affect light entering the eye Injury to retina = May affect visual interpretation by the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aqueous humour = Fills the space between cornea and iris Vitreous humour = Fills the cavity behind the lens Tears = Protective fluid secreted by tear glands Mucus = Protective fluid covering conjunctiva</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Traction = Gently but firmly pulling below a fracture to bring the limb into alignment Transient ischemic attack (TIA) = Temporary signs and symptoms of a stroke due to a lack of sufficient oxygen to the brain Trauma = Any physical or psychological injury Triage = A system of placing priorities for first aid and/or transportation for multiple casualties</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>U Ulna = Bone in the lower arm; on the little finger side Urethra = A tube which carries urine from the bladder to the outside Uterus = The muscular sac which holds, protects a fetus V Vein = A blood vessel; carries blood to the heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>V Ventricles = The muscular lower chambers of the heart which pump blood into the arteries Ventricular fibrillation = A quivering action of the heart muscles so that little blood is pumped Vital signs = The four signs that show the basic condition of the casualty: level of consciousness; breathing; pulse; skin condition and temperature Ventilation = Supplying air to the lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>White blood cells = Blood cells which are involved in immunity and control of microbes X Xiphoid process = The cartilage tip at the lower end of the breastbone Vein = A blood vessel; carries blood to the heart Ventricles = The muscular lower chambers of the heart which pump blood into the arteries</p> Signup and view all the answers