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Questions and Answers
What are the typical signs and symptoms of prodrome syndrome?
What are the typical signs and symptoms of prodrome syndrome?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for Herpes Simplex Keratitis?
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for Herpes Simplex Keratitis?
What is Acanthamoeba keratitis primarily associated with?
What is Acanthamoeba keratitis primarily associated with?
The most common viral keratitis is caused by which virus?
The most common viral keratitis is caused by which virus?
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What is the primary function of the cornea in the eye?
What is the primary function of the cornea in the eye?
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Which of the following correctly describes the geographic ulceration associated with inappropriate topical steroids?
Which of the following correctly describes the geographic ulceration associated with inappropriate topical steroids?
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Which of the following structures is NOT an accessory structure of the eye?
Which of the following structures is NOT an accessory structure of the eye?
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What condition is characterized by the inflammation of the conjunctiva?
What condition is characterized by the inflammation of the conjunctiva?
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What type of organism is Acanthamoeba typically associated with?
What type of organism is Acanthamoeba typically associated with?
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Which type of infection can cause eyelids to become inflamed and sore?
Which type of infection can cause eyelids to become inflamed and sore?
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Which viral infection is also known as shingles affecting the eyelids?
Which viral infection is also known as shingles affecting the eyelids?
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What is the role of the lacrimal gland in eye function?
What is the role of the lacrimal gland in eye function?
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What condition is caused by the infestation of lice on the eyelids?
What condition is caused by the infestation of lice on the eyelids?
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What is a common cause of tearing in the eyes?
What is a common cause of tearing in the eyes?
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Which of the following best describes normal tear flow?
Which of the following best describes normal tear flow?
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What is a common symptom of a condition that becomes secondarily infected?
What is a common symptom of a condition that becomes secondarily infected?
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What is the characteristic histopathologic feature of Molluscum contagiosum?
What is the characteristic histopathologic feature of Molluscum contagiosum?
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Which antiviral treatment is suggested to prevent post herpetic neuralgia?
Which antiviral treatment is suggested to prevent post herpetic neuralgia?
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What do Henderson Patterson Bodies contain?
What do Henderson Patterson Bodies contain?
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What is a potential consequence of untreated herpes zoster ophthalmicus?
What is a potential consequence of untreated herpes zoster ophthalmicus?
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Which type of infection is associated with swollen upper and lower lids?
Which type of infection is associated with swollen upper and lower lids?
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Which layer of the skin generally appears normal in patients with Molluscum contagiosum?
Which layer of the skin generally appears normal in patients with Molluscum contagiosum?
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What type of edema causes the swelling observed in the lower lid?
What type of edema causes the swelling observed in the lower lid?
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What is a common misconception regarding herpes zoster ophthalmicus symptoms?
What is a common misconception regarding herpes zoster ophthalmicus symptoms?
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What is the role of the oculomotor nerve?
What is the role of the oculomotor nerve?
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What role do keratinocytes play in the pathology of Molluscum contagiosum?
What role do keratinocytes play in the pathology of Molluscum contagiosum?
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Which gland is primarily responsible for providing tears?
Which gland is primarily responsible for providing tears?
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Which layer of the tears is produced by the Meibomian glands?
Which layer of the tears is produced by the Meibomian glands?
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How much tear fluid is produced on average per minute in normal conditions?
How much tear fluid is produced on average per minute in normal conditions?
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What is the primary function of tears in the eyes?
What is the primary function of tears in the eyes?
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What is the name of the space between the bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva?
What is the name of the space between the bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva?
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Which component of tears is known for coating bacteria?
Which component of tears is known for coating bacteria?
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What happens to the integrity of the conjunctiva and cornea if there is a break?
What happens to the integrity of the conjunctiva and cornea if there is a break?
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Which of the following describes the normal conjunctiva?
Which of the following describes the normal conjunctiva?
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What role does intermittent blinking play in eye health?
What role does intermittent blinking play in eye health?
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What is the leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide?
What is the leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide?
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Which bacterium is responsible for causing trachoma?
Which bacterium is responsible for causing trachoma?
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What condition is characterized by the roughening of the inner eyelid?
What condition is characterized by the roughening of the inner eyelid?
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Which of the following serotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis causes trachoma?
Which of the following serotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis causes trachoma?
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What is the consequence of trichiasis in severe conditions?
What is the consequence of trichiasis in severe conditions?
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What does the first stage of trachoma include?
What does the first stage of trachoma include?
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Who is primarily affected by adult inclusion conjunctivitis?
Who is primarily affected by adult inclusion conjunctivitis?
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What develops in the second stage of trachoma?
What develops in the second stage of trachoma?
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Which statement about trachoma is accurate?
Which statement about trachoma is accurate?
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of trachoma?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of trachoma?
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Study Notes
Anatomy of the Eye
- The eye performs essential functions such as vision, protecting the tissue within, and preventing infection.
- Accessory structures of the eye include the eyebrow, eyelids, and eyeball.
- Eyebrows and eyelids protect the eye from foreign bodies.
- The normal tear flow lubricates and moistens the surface of the eye, preventing infection. It acts as a barrier against microbial invasion.
- The Lacrimal gland is responsible for producing tears, which have a rate of 1.2 microliters/minute.
- The conjunctiva is a thin membrane that covers the eye except for the cornea. It is composed of a palpebral conjunctiva and a bulbar conjunctiva.
- The conjunctiva is the point of contact between the eyelid and the eyeball. It is composed of three layers: an oily layer from the Meibomian glands, an aqueous layer in the middle, and a mucin layer on the inside.
- The conjunctiva holds normal microbiota of the eye such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
Invasion of the Eye Pathogen
- Corneal penetration is one way pathogens enter the eye.
- Bacterial load, or the number of bacteria present, can influence the likelihood of infection.
- Blood-borne routes can allow pathogens to reach the eye.
- Contact lenses are an avenue for pathogens to enter the eye.
- The virulence of the organism is a key factor in determining the severity of an eye infection.
Causes of Tearing
- The eye produces tears to lubricate, moisten, and protect the surface of the eye.
- Tears contain immunoglobulins, lysozyme, and lactoferrin, which help control microbial growth.
- Tearing can be caused by irritation, foreign bodies, allergies, or infection.
Bacterial Infection of Eyelids
- Hordeolum, or stye, is a common bacterial infection of the eyelids characterized by a localized bump or pimple.
- External Hordeolum affects the eyelid skin.
- Internal Hordeolum involves the meibomian gland.
- Blepharitis is characterized by inflammation of the eyelid margin.
Viral Infection of Eyelids
- Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus (shingles) is caused by the varicella-zoster virus and can cause severe pain and complications.
- Herpes Simplex of the Lids is caused by herpes simplex virus and can manifest as vesicles or ulcers.
- Ocular Molluscum is a skin condition characterized by small, pearly-white bumps that can occur around the eyelids.
Parasitic Eyelid Infections
- Phthiriasis is a parasitic infestation caused by the human head louse and can cause itching and eye irritation.
Conjunctivitis
- Conjunctivitis is an infection of the conjunctiva characterized by redness, itching, and discharge.
- Defects in cranial nerves III and VII can lead to problems with regulating light and causing a more severe infection of the conjunctiva after an initial infection of the conjunctiva.
- Viral or bacterial conjunctivitis is often caused by infections from adenovirus or Haemophilus influenzae, respectively.
Trachoma
- Trachoma is a chronic infection of the conjunctiva caused by Chlamydia trachomatis serotypes A, B, Ba, and C.
- It is the leading cause of preventable blindness worldwide.
- Trachoma causes scarring of the conjunctiva and cornea leading to pain, impaired vision and blindness.
- It is characterized by four stages:
- Stage 1: a nonspecific conjunctivitis and lymphoid hyperplasia develops (inflammation).
- Stage 2: lymph follicles form in the upper eyelid, leading to increased scarring.
- Stage 3: the scarring progresses.
- Stage 4: the cornea becomes affected, leading to blindness.
- Trachoma can be treated with antibiotics, but prevention is key.
Chlamydia trachomatis
- Inclusion conjunctivitis is caused by specific serotypes of Chlamydia trachomatis (D, K).
- It impacts sexually active adolescents and adults.
- It can be asymptomatic and is often treated with antibiotics.
Adult Inclusion Conjunctivitis
- This form of conjunctivitis is typically caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (D, K)
- It affects sexually active individuals.
- Symptoms may be mild and include redness, irritation, and discharge.
Herpes Simplex Keratitis
- Herpes Simplex Keratitis is a viral infection of the cornea caused by the herpes simplex virus.
- It can lead to blindness in developed countries.
- The course of the infection is as follows:
- Primary infection
- Viral keratitis secondary to Herpes Simplex Virus
- Risk factors include people who have had frequent recurrences of the infection, those with atopic eye disease, the pediatric age group, those who are immunocompromised, malnutrition, alcoholism, fever, stress, malaria, and those who have been using topical steroids for a prolonged period.
Acanthamoeba Keratitis
- Acanthamoeba Keratitis is a rare but severe infection that can result in permanent visual impairment or blindness.
- This infection is often caused by Acanthamoeba sp.
- Acanthamoeba are free-living amoebas found in freshwater, tap water, and hot tubs.
- Infections are associated with contact lens use, recent eye trauma, or exposure to contaminated water.
Viral Keratitis
- Herpes simplex virus is the most common cause of viral keratitis.
- Classic Herpetic lesions are branching corneal ulcerations that resemble a tree.
- Viral keratitis is preventable with proper hygiene and contact lens care.
Herpetic Zoster Ophthalmicus
- This is an ocular infection related to a reactivation of dormant varicella-zoster viruses.
- Often causes severe pain and inflammation.
- Signs and symptoms include edema, swelling, vesicles, and ulceration.
- It is associated with the first branch of the trigeminal nerve.
Zoster vs Simplex
- Herpes Simplex Keratitis is usually restricted to the cornea.
- Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus can affect the skin around the eye.
- While both diseases are caused by the herpesvirus, they can cause disparate problems.
Henderson Patterson Bodies
- This is a characteristic histopathologic feature in the diagnosis of Molluscum contagiosum.
- They are intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies containing poxvirus particles.
- The bodies are found in the stratum Malpighi of the epidermis and are key for diagnosing Molluscum.
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Description
This quiz explores the essential functions and structures of the eye, including its accessory components like eyebrows and eyelids. It covers the role of tears, the conjunctiva, and the eye's defensive mechanisms against infection. Test your knowledge on the anatomy of the eye and its protective features.
