Anatomy of the Eye

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Questions and Answers

What is classified as 'absolute blindness'?

Vision that can be corrected with glasses

Inability to see light (correct)

Legal blindness with BCVA of 2200

Vision of 2400 with correction

At what BCVA is a person considered legally blind?

1600

2200 (correct)

2000

2400

Which of the following activities can be affected by visual impairment?

Making phone calls (correct)

Planning vacations

Playing video games

Negotiating business deals

What is one way to assist someone who is blind when offering them a seat?

Place their hand on the back or arm of the seat Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following aids may be used to help individuals with visual impairments?

Magnifying glasses Signup and view all the answers

What is a key nursing management role for individuals with visual impairments?

Advocating for social services referral Signup and view all the answers

When interacting with a person who is blind, what should you do?

Identify yourself and touch their arm to begin speaking Signup and view all the answers

What type of software is useful for individuals with visual impairments when accessing the web?

Screen reader programs Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes atrophy of the optic nerve?

Loss of nerve fibers and blood supply Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of glaucoma treatment concerning intraocular pressure (IOP)?

Maintain IOP within a certain range to prevent damage Signup and view all the answers

Which type of glaucoma is characterized by sudden onset and severe symptoms?

Acute angle-closure glaucoma (AACG) Signup and view all the answers

What is necessary for effective patient education in glaucoma management?

Knowledge of IOP measurement and medication adherence Signup and view all the answers

Which medication type is commonly used to lower intraocular pressure in glaucoma patients?

Topical/Oral beta blocker eye drops Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of the teaching plan for patients with glaucoma?

Strict adherence to the medication regimen Signup and view all the answers

How should patients monitor their condition regarding glaucoma?

Keeping a record of eye pressure and visual field tests Signup and view all the answers

What type of glaucoma management is indicated when medical treatment is unsuccessful?

Laser surgery to decrease intraocular pressure Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct technique for cleaning the eyelid margins?

Wipe from the inner to the outer canthus using a fresh gauze pad Signup and view all the answers

Why is proper positioning of the patient's head important during eye medication instillation?

It allows for better medication absorption and delivery Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided to maintain aseptic technique when applying medication?

Touching the medication container to the lower lid Signup and view all the answers

What should be done immediately after instilling eye drops?

Apply gentle pressure to the inner canthus Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct way to prepare a suspension eye medication?

Shake the container to obtain the desired medication level Signup and view all the answers

When instilling ointment into the eye, where should it be applied?

Into the lower conjunctival sac Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for performing punctal occlusion after eye drops are instilled?

To decrease the risk of systemic absorption Signup and view all the answers

What should be done before instilling eye drops into a patient's eye?

Ask the patient to look up and away Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes open-angle glaucoma?

It is usually bilateral but may affect one eye more than the other. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for glaucoma?

Frequent eye exams Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom of acute angle-closure glaucoma?

Periocular pain and nausea Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is typically used during an ocular emergency for acute angle-closure glaucoma?

Topical ocular hypotensive agents Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes myopia's relationship with glaucoma?

Myopia is a recognized risk factor for glaucoma. Signup and view all the answers

What initiates the progression of glaucoma?

Emotional stress and long-term corticosteroid use Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the aqueous outflow system during glaucoma progression?

There are structural alterations affecting its dynamics. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom associated with chronic open-angle glaucoma?

Gradual loss of peripheral vision Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using topical anesthetic eye drops after a corneal injury?

To mask further damage Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions is treated with immediate tap-water irrigation?

Ocular burns Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended management for acute bacterial conjunctivitis?

It may be self-limiting without treatment Signup and view all the answers

Why is MRI considered contraindicated for diagnosing intraocular foreign bodies (IOFB)?

Because most foreign bodies are metallic Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of using aminocaproic acid in ocular injuries?

To stabilize clot formation Signup and view all the answers

Which type of conjunctivitis resolves rapidly with topical antibiotic therapy?

Gonococcal conjunctivitis Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of allergic conjunctivitis?

Triggered by allergens Signup and view all the answers

What should be avoided while an epithelial defect exists in eye injuries?

Corticosteroids Signup and view all the answers

What is a key objective in administering ocular medications?

To maximize therapeutic effects and ensure patient safety Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of commonly used ocular medication?

Antidepressants Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by clouding of the lens of the eye?

Cataracts Signup and view all the answers

What is a symptom of strabismus?

Misalignment of the eyes Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of using eye protectors and restraints postoperatively?

To prevent injury Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes esotropia?

Inward deviation of the eyes Signup and view all the answers

What should be done before instilling a second eye medication?

Wait 5 minutes Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with symptoms like squinting and frowning when reading?

Strabismus Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Anatomy of the External Eye

External structures of the eye and lacrimal structures are described
Features include the brow, upper lid, lower lid, inner canthus, outer canthus, caruncle, lacrimal gland, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, lacrimal canal, and punctum
The sclera, conjunctiva, iris, and pupil are also part of the external structures

Anatomy-EOM and Eye Movement

The extraocular muscles (EOM) control eye movement
These include the superior oblique, superior rectus, lateral rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique muscles

Anatomy of the Internal Eye

The internal structures of the eye are detailed
Features include the retina, choroid, vitreous body, zonules, canal of Schlemm, anterior chamber, posterior chamber, cornea, pupil, lens, iris muscle, and ciliary body
Supporting structures, such as the retinal artery, retinal vein, and optic nerve, are also mentioned.

Accommodation

Accommodation is the ability to focus and refocus.

Gerontologic Considerations

Age-related changes include dry eye, changes in eyelids and lacrimal structures, refractive changes, cataracts, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Eye Assessment: History and Physical

Common complaints include changes in vision, pain, discomfort, or discharge
Past medical history, family history, and social history are also important factors in assessment
Physical assessment includes visual acuity (using a Snellen chart), external eye examination, direct ophthalmoscopy, Amsler grid, tonometry, perimetry testing, color vision testing, and ultrasonography (including fluorescein angiography).

Nursing Management: Patients with Eye and Vision Disorders

Impaired vision is any type of vision loss, ranging from complete blindness to partial vision loss
Nursing management involves emotional, physical, and social adaptation, along with providing resources

Refractive Errors

Vision is impaired due to a shortened or elongated eyeball, preventing light rays from focusing sharply on the retina.
Low vision is visual impairment requiring assistive devices and strategies.

Blindness and Legal Blindness

Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) is measured—is 20/200 or less
Legal blindness is defined as BCVA of 20/200 or less
Legal blindness (BCVA) with correction is 20/200 or worse.

Clinical Manifestations and Assessments

Thorough history and physical exam are essential in assessing low vision.
Activities affected by low vision can include shopping, eating, identifying money, reading, writing, using a phone, and crossing streets.
Visual aids like canes, eyeglasses, magnifying glasses are helpful.

Medical Management

Web access for the visually impaired offers screen reader programs and other helpful software.

Glaucoma

A group of ocular conditions causing optic nerve damage and increased interocular pressure (IOP)
Two main types are described: open-angle and angle-closure glaucoma. Open-angle glaucoma is usually bilateral, while angle-closure can affect one eye more severely than the other.

Progression of Glaucoma

Initiating events include illness, stress, congenital narrow angles and corticosteroids
Structural and functional alterations occur
Optic nerve damage, characterized by loss of nerve fibers and blood, and visual field loss occur
Treatment focuses on decreasing IOP.

Cataract

Lens opacity, or cloudiness, can develop in one or both eyes at any age.
Risk factors include aging, specific disorders, and toxic factors (e.g., corticosteroids).

Orbital Trauma

Injuries can include head injury, soft tissue injury, and orbital fractures (including foreign bodies)
Prevention focuses on using safety gear (e.g., goggles) in the workplace and when around children.
Safety precautions during car maintenance, sports, or gardening activities are also advised.

Retinal Detachment

Caused by fluid accumulation between retina layers
Rhegmatogenous detachment is a common form
Symptoms include a shade or curtain crossing vision, cobwebs, bright flashes, and floaters

Macular Degeneration

Leading cause of vision loss with two types: wet and dry
Related to age
Pathophysiology involves the outer retinal layers slowly breaking down (dry) or development of abnormal choroidal neovascularization (wet).

Conjunctivitis

Inflammation of the conjunctiva.
Causes include viral or bacterial infections, allergies, or toxic exposure
Management involves supportive care and medications (antibiotics for bacterial cases).

Orbital Cellulitis

Inflammation of tissues surrounding the eye, particularly with severe pain, swelling, and decreased eye movement.
Treatment includes high-dose, broad-spectrum antibiotics and close monitoring for changes in visual acuity or other complications.

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Description

Explore the fascinating anatomy of the eye with this quiz. You'll learn about the external structures, the extraocular muscles responsible for eye movement, and the intricate internal components. Test your knowledge on accommodation and the functions of various eye parts.