Anatomy of the Eye and Retina Lecture Slides Quiz

Eye Structure and Function

• The cornea performs 2/3 of the bending of light as it enters the eye.
• The iris muscle controls the diameter of the pupil to regulate the amount of light entering the eye.
• The involuntary reflexive response that occurs when the cornea is stimulated is the blink reflex.
• The ciliary muscle changes shape to focus the lens at different distances.
• The lens performs 1/3 of the bending of light as it enters the eye.
• The trigeminal nerve is responsible for detecting the corneal reflex.
• The posterior chamber is filled with vitreous humor.
• Phototransduction occurs in the photoreceptors (rods and cones) of the retina.
• The photoreceptors form the innermost layer of the retina.
• The posterior chamber is the space between the iris and the lens.
• Ganglion cell axons are located in the optic nerve of the retina.
• Rods contain the type of opsin called rhodopsin.
• Photoreceptors release glutamate onto bipolar and horizontal cells in the retina.
• The retina has a layered (laminated) structure approximately 250 µm thick.

Vestibular System

• The main function of the vestibular system is to maintain balance and equilibrium.
• The otolith organs are located in the vestibule of the inner ear.
• The semicircular canals of the vestibular system are filled with endolymph.
• The function of the cupula in the ampulla of the semicircular canals is to detect rotational movements.
• When you turn your head, the endolymph lags behind, stimulating the hair cells.
• The vestibular system plays a crucial role in reflexive eye movements.
• When the head is turned, the hair cells in the left horizontal semicircular canal are stimulated.
• The otolith organs detect linear acceleration and deceleration.
• Calcium carbonate crystals are embedded in the otolithic membrane of the otolith organs.
• Hair cells in the utricle and saccule respond to linear acceleration by bending their cilia.
• The vestibular nuclei are located in the brainstem.
• When the head is turned, the hair cells in the right horizontal semicircular canal are inhibited.
• The otolithic membrane divides the utricle and saccule into two regions of opposite hair cell orientation.
• The mechanical force of the moving endolymph is responsible for pulling on the cilia of the hair cells in response to linear acceleration.
• Hair cells in otolith organs primarily face away from the center of the utricle and saccule.
• Hair cells in the utricle primarily face downwards.

Visual Perception and Brain Function

• The area of the brain heavily involved in the perception of color is V4.
• The clinical syndrome characterized by the inability to perceive color is called achromatopsia.
• Patients with damage to ventral stream association cortices have difficulty recognizing objects.
• A highly intelligent patient described a flower as a "thing with a shape and a certain smell" when asked to identify it.
• The scientific term for the condition characterized by the inability to perceive color is achromatopsia.
• The article "Visual Routes toLexical Access" by Ungerleider and Mishkin introduced the concept of distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex.
• The main characteristic of visual apperceptive agnosia is the inability to recognize objects despite normal visual acuity.
• The primary cause of prosopagnosia (face blindness) is damage to the fusiform gyrus.
• Visual associative agnosia typically results from damage to the lateral occipital complex.
• The characteristic feature of dorsal stream association cortices disorders is difficulty with guiding actions towards objects.
• Optic ataxia is distinguished from other visual impairments by the inability to guide movements towards objects.
• A defining characteristic of simultanagnosia is the inability to see multiple objects at once.
• The primary cause of akinetopsia is damage to area V5/MT.
• A defining characteristic of contralateral neglect syndrome (hemi-neglect) is the inability to attend to one side of the visual field.
• The primary function of area MT/V5 is to detect motion.
• The brain area primarily responsible for controlling reflexive eye movements is the frontal eye fields.

Test your knowledge of the anatomy of the eye and retina with this quiz based on lecture slides from NROSCI 1011, taught by Dr. Erika E. Fanselow at the University of Pittsburgh. Explore topics such as the structures of the eye, including the sclera and cornea, and their functions.