Anatomy of the Eye and Retina Lecture Slides Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What structure performs 2/3 of the bending of light as it enters the eye?

Cornea (correct)

Lens

Sclera

Iris

Which muscle controls the diameter of the pupil to regulate the amount of light entering the eye?

Ciliary muscles

Pupillary dilator

Pupillary constrictor

Iris smooth muscle (correct)

What involuntary reflexive response occurs when the cornea is stimulated?

Contraction of ciliary muscles

Dilation of the pupil

Blinking of the eye (correct)

Relaxation of the iris smooth muscles

Which structure changes shape to focus the lens at different distances?

Ciliary muscles Signup and view all the answers

Which structure performs 1/3 of the bending of light as it enters the eye?

Lens Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve is responsible for detecting the corneal reflex?

CN V Signup and view all the answers

Which chamber of the eye is filled with vitreous humor?

Vitreous chamber Signup and view all the answers

Where does phototransduction occur in the eye?

Outer segment of rods and cones Signup and view all the answers

Which cells form the innermost layer of the retina?

Pigment epithelium Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the eye is a space between the iris and the lens?

Posterior chamber Signup and view all the answers

Where are ganglion cell axons located in the retina?

Retinal circuitry Signup and view all the answers

What type of opsin is found in rods?

Rhodopsin Signup and view all the answers

Which cells release glutamate onto bipolar and horizontal cells in the retina?

Photoreceptors Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the eye has a layered (laminated) structure approximately 250 µm thick?

(retina) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the vestibular system?

Detects rotational acceleration of the head Signup and view all the answers

Where are the otolith organs located?

Near the cochlea Signup and view all the answers

What fills the semicircular canals of the vestibular system?

Endolymph Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cupula in the ampulla of the semicircular canals?

Forms a barrier to endolymph in the semicircular canals Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the endolymph when you turn your head?

It lags behind head motion due to inertia Signup and view all the answers

What role does the vestibular system play in reflexive eye movements?

It is involved in some reflexive eye movements Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the hair cells in the left horizontal semicircular canal when the head is turned?

They depolarize as the endolymph pushes the cupula to the right Signup and view all the answers

What do the otolith organs detect?

Static position of the head in space Signup and view all the answers

What are embedded in the otolithic membrane of the otolith organs?

Calcium carbonate crystals Signup and view all the answers

How do hair cells in the utricle and saccule respond to linear acceleration?

They do not all face the same direction and depolarize Signup and view all the answers

Where are the vestibular nuclei located?

Medulla and pons Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the hair cells in the right horizontal semicircular canal when the head is turned?

They depolarize as the endolymph pushes the cupula to the right Signup and view all the answers

What divides the utricle and saccule into two regions of opposite hair cell orientation?

Striola Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for pulling on the cilia of the hair cells in response to linear acceleration?

Otolithic membrane Signup and view all the answers

Where do hair cells in otolith organs primarily face?

Different directions Signup and view all the answers

Where do hair cells in utricle primarily face?

Horizontally Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the brain is heavily involved in the perception of color?

Area V4 Signup and view all the answers

What clinical syndrome is characterized by the inability to perceive color?

Achromatopsia Signup and view all the answers

What happens to patients with damage to ventral stream association cortices?

They are aware of objects but cannot identify them Signup and view all the answers

According to Oliver Sacks, how did a highly intelligent patient describe a flower when asked to identify it?

'A convoluted red form, with a linear green attachment' Signup and view all the answers

What is the scientific term for the condition characterized by the inability to perceive color?

Achromatopsia Signup and view all the answers

Which scientific article introduced the concept of distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex?

The Van Essen Diagram a.k.a. The Oil Refinery Diagram Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of visual apperceptive agnosia?

Inability to draw or copy an object Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of prosopagnosia (face blindness)?

Damage to the face area of the fusiform gyrus Signup and view all the answers

In which area of the brain does visual associative agnosia typically result from damage?

Anterior temporal lobe Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of dorsal stream association cortices disorders?

Inability to use visual guidance for reaching objects Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes optic ataxia from other visual impairments?

Inability to use visual guidance for accurate reaching despite being able to see the object Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of simultanagnosia?

Inability to perceive more than one object at a time Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of akinetopsia?

Bilateral lesions of area MT/V5 Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of contralateral neglect syndrome (hemi-neglect)?

Tendency to ignore sensory information from and perception of the side of the body contralateral to a lesion Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of area MT/V5?

Perceive motion Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is primarily responsible for controlling reflexive eye movements?

Vestibular system Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Eye Structure and Function

The cornea performs 2/3 of the bending of light as it enters the eye.
The iris muscle controls the diameter of the pupil to regulate the amount of light entering the eye.
The involuntary reflexive response that occurs when the cornea is stimulated is the blink reflex.
The ciliary muscle changes shape to focus the lens at different distances.
The lens performs 1/3 of the bending of light as it enters the eye.
The trigeminal nerve is responsible for detecting the corneal reflex.
The posterior chamber is filled with vitreous humor.
Phototransduction occurs in the photoreceptors (rods and cones) of the retina.
The photoreceptors form the innermost layer of the retina.
The posterior chamber is the space between the iris and the lens.
Ganglion cell axons are located in the optic nerve of the retina.
Rods contain the type of opsin called rhodopsin.
Photoreceptors release glutamate onto bipolar and horizontal cells in the retina.
The retina has a layered (laminated) structure approximately 250 µm thick.

Vestibular System

The main function of the vestibular system is to maintain balance and equilibrium.
The otolith organs are located in the vestibule of the inner ear.
The semicircular canals of the vestibular system are filled with endolymph.
The function of the cupula in the ampulla of the semicircular canals is to detect rotational movements.
When you turn your head, the endolymph lags behind, stimulating the hair cells.
The vestibular system plays a crucial role in reflexive eye movements.
When the head is turned, the hair cells in the left horizontal semicircular canal are stimulated.
The otolith organs detect linear acceleration and deceleration.
Calcium carbonate crystals are embedded in the otolithic membrane of the otolith organs.
Hair cells in the utricle and saccule respond to linear acceleration by bending their cilia.
The vestibular nuclei are located in the brainstem.
When the head is turned, the hair cells in the right horizontal semicircular canal are inhibited.
The otolithic membrane divides the utricle and saccule into two regions of opposite hair cell orientation.
The mechanical force of the moving endolymph is responsible for pulling on the cilia of the hair cells in response to linear acceleration.
Hair cells in otolith organs primarily face away from the center of the utricle and saccule.
Hair cells in the utricle primarily face downwards.

Visual Perception and Brain Function

The area of the brain heavily involved in the perception of color is V4.
The clinical syndrome characterized by the inability to perceive color is called achromatopsia.
Patients with damage to ventral stream association cortices have difficulty recognizing objects.
A highly intelligent patient described a flower as a "thing with a shape and a certain smell" when asked to identify it.
The scientific term for the condition characterized by the inability to perceive color is achromatopsia.
The article "Visual Routes toLexical Access" by Ungerleider and Mishkin introduced the concept of distributed hierarchical processing in the primate cerebral cortex.
The main characteristic of visual apperceptive agnosia is the inability to recognize objects despite normal visual acuity.
The primary cause of prosopagnosia (face blindness) is damage to the fusiform gyrus.
Visual associative agnosia typically results from damage to the lateral occipital complex.
The characteristic feature of dorsal stream association cortices disorders is difficulty with guiding actions towards objects.
Optic ataxia is distinguished from other visual impairments by the inability to guide movements towards objects.
A defining characteristic of simultanagnosia is the inability to see multiple objects at once.
The primary cause of akinetopsia is damage to area V5/MT.
A defining characteristic of contralateral neglect syndrome (hemi-neglect) is the inability to attend to one side of the visual field.
The primary function of area MT/V5 is to detect motion.
The brain area primarily responsible for controlling reflexive eye movements is the frontal eye fields.

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Description

Test your knowledge of the anatomy of the eye and retina with this quiz based on lecture slides from NROSCI 1011, taught by Dr. Erika E. Fanselow at the University of Pittsburgh. Explore topics such as the structures of the eye, including the sclera and cornea, and their functions.