Anatomy of the External Eye

<p>Surgery to reduce intraocular pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fetal alcohol syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Administer eye drops as prescribed by an ophthalmologist. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clumping of lens protein resulting in light scattering. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetes mellitus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nuclear, cortical, and posterior subcapsular. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Long-term use of corticosteroids. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Visual impairment may progress at the same rate in both eyes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced levels of antioxidants. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smoking and exposure to ultraviolet radiation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It maintains the posterior capsule of the lens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eyedrops (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aphakic retinal detachment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Wash hands before touching the eye. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Objects appear magnified by 25%. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Toxic Anterior Segment Syndrome (TASS) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Implantation of a prosthetic intraocular lens (IOL) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They provide clear vision but can magnify objects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Onset is gradual in dry AMD and more rapid in wet AMD. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Difficulty seeing at night. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Legal blindness. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone density scan. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To evaluate central vision distortion. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>No perception of light. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are deposits that may contribute to vision loss in AMD. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Special devices and strategies for visual tasks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Topical hypotensive medications (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Visual field loss (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Peripheral laser iridotomy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevated IOP of 21 mm Hg or higher (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Family history of glaucoma (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased blood flow to optic nerve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Semi-dilated pupil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medical and surgical interventions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hand magnifier (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High-contrast color (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using color codes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Telescope (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Telescope (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bold-tip pen with black ink (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hand magnifier (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sitting in front rows (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reading the manual (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Closed-circuit television (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may struggle with spatial orientation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Using descriptive techniques like a clock face analogy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Involvement of nurses, social workers, and family members is essential. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consistent placement of furniture and personal items. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Guide dogs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Services that can assist with daily living tasks. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By educating themselves about guide dog protocols. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Better spatial orientation and cognitive mapping. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heavy lifting (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rhegmatogenous detachment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bright flashing lights (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Scleral buckle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Contact their surgeon (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Educating the patient about recovery (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slit-lamp biomicroscopy and indirect ophthalmoscopy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The sensation of a shade or curtain across the vision (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It typically results in scarring and involves hair follicles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Escherichia coli (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe eye pain and photophobia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antibiotics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Irrigate the eye profusely with saline. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>After 7 days when symptoms have cleared (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Light cold compresses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Keeping them home until symptoms resolve is essential. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Factors that increase the chance of developing cataracts, including aging, associated eye conditions, toxic exposures, nutritional deficiencies, physical trauma, and systemic diseases.

The process of cataract development due to aging, where lens proteins clump, scatter light, and pigment accumulates, leading to reduced transparency and vision impairment.

Different locations within the lens where cataracts form, including nuclear, cortical, and posterior subcapsular cataracts.

Visual impairment from cataracts typically worsens gradually in both eyes, varying in pace from years to months.

Substances like corticosteroids, chemical burns, smoking, and metals can increase cataract risk due to their damaging effects on the lens.

Low antioxidant levels, poor nutrition, and obesity increase susceptibility to cataracts as they impact lens health.

Certain systemic diseases like diabetes, Down syndrome, and those affecting lipid or kidney function can elevate the risk of cataract formation.

Physical factors such as blunt trauma, UV radiation, and certain medical procedures increase cataract risk.

Reduced vision in one or both eyes.

Clouding of eye lens preventing light focus on retina.

Increased eye pressure damaging vision.

Surgery to decrease intraocular pressure (IOP).

Surgical removal of lens and corrective lenses.

There are two main types of cataract surgery: Non-surgical and Surgical. Non-surgical uses medications, eyedrops, and eyeglasses. Surgical involves procedures like Intracapsular, Extracapsular, and Phacoemulsification.

A procedure where the entire lens is removed during surgery. Fine sutures close the incision after the lens is removed.

A surgical method for cataract removal that involves a smaller incision and leaves the posterior capsule of the lens intact. It's preferred due to reduced complications.

A technique using an ultrasonic device to break down the lens into small pieces, which are then suctioned out. This procedure uses a small incision.

Aphakic glasses, contact lenses, and IOL implants are options for lens replacement after cataract extraction.

A noninfectious inflammation of the eye that presents 12 to 48 hours after surgery. It's caused by a toxic agent and characterized by corneal edema and white cells in the anterior chamber.

Patients with cataracts should receive specific postoperative care, including wearing protective glasses, hand hygiene, and eye cleaning practices.

A form of age-related macular degeneration where the central vision deteriorates gradually. It's characterized by the presence of drusen (yellow deposits) and pigmentary changes in the retina.

A more severe form of age-related macular degeneration where abnormal blood vessels grow under the retina, leading to rapid vision loss.

A condition where even with corrective lenses, vision remains impaired to a level that impacts daily activities. It's defined as a best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 20/70 to 20/200.

Complete lack of light Perception.

A condition where the best corrected visual acuity in the better eye is 20/200 or worse, or the widest visual field diameter is 20 degrees or less.

Visual impairment caused by a shortened or elongated eyeball, preventing light rays from focusing sharply on the retina.

A grid used to test central vision. Distortion of the grid lines can indicate macular problems.

A test to measure intraocular pressure, which can indicate glaucoma.

Tools that help people with low vision read printed materials, such as magnifiers, large print books, and electronic reading devices.

A magnifying lens attached to eyeglasses, allowing for hands-free magnification during reading.

A magnifying lens enclosed in a dome-shaped structure, offering a wider field of view.

A handheld magnifying lens, used for close-up viewing of small objects or printed text.

A magnifying lens mounted on a stand, allowing for hands-free magnification and precise positioning of the object.

Text printed with a significant color difference between lettering and background, enhancing visibility for those with low vision.

Printed materials with larger font sizes to improve readability for people with low vision.

Digital books that can be adjusted for font size, contrast, and display settings, making reading easier for people with low vision.

A specialized system that magnifies and displays text and images on a screen, enhancing readability for people with low vision.

Appropriate lighting conditions can improve visibility for people with low vision. Bright, glare-free light sources are best.

Patients who lose vision gradually often adapt better to spatial orientation than those with sudden blindness. Gradual loss allows for the development of spatial concepts, aiding in adjustment.

Helping patients understand their surroundings and move safely. This involves using descriptive language, keeping furniture consistent, and introducing hospital personnel.

Nurses, social workers, and family work together to assess the patient's home environment and support systems. They consult with specialists for tailored interventions.

Provide mobility assistance and emotional support, enhancing independence for individuals with visual impairments.

Educating the public about the role of guide dogs is essential, respecting their purpose and seeking permission before approaching.

Organizations like Fidelco Guide Dog Foundation and Guide Dogs for the Blind provide information and support for potential handlers.

It helps patients with visual impairments perform daily activities like navigating their environment, eating, and dressing.

Techniques include keeping essential items within reach, describing the environment using landmarks (like a clock face), and maintaining consistent placement of objects.

A type of glaucoma where the angle between the iris and cornea narrows, blocking fluid flow and increasing eye pressure. It's characterized by transient blurry vision, halos around lights, and semi-dilated pupils.

A severe type of glaucoma where the angle between the iris and cornea is permanently closed, leading to damage to the optic nerve. It's characterized by a progressive vision loss, ocular pain, headaches, and elevated eye pressure. It requires ongoing management with medications and laser treatments.

A type of glaucoma that occurs as a complication of uveitis, an inflammation of the middle layer of the eye. It can cause elevated eye pressure, optic nerve damage, and visual field loss.

Factors that trigger or accelerate the onset of glaucoma, such as illness, emotional stress, congenital narrow angles, prolonged use of corticosteroids, and medications causing pupillary dilation.

Factors affecting the fluid dynamics within the eye lead to structural alterations in the aqueous outflow system, affecting pressure and drainage, contributing to glaucoma development.

Conditions like increased IOP or impaired blood flow, caused by structural changes, affect the eye's functionality and contribute to glaucoma progression.

Various factors can increase the risk of developing glaucoma, including family history, race, age, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, migraine syndromes, nearsightedness, eye trauma, and prolonged use of corticosteroids.

A series of events, starting with precipitating factors, structural changes in the aqueous outflow system, and functional implications, ultimately leading to damage to the optic nerve and vision loss.

The separation of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) from the sensory layer of the retina. This disrupts the normal function of the retina and can lead to vision loss.

Four main types: Rhegmatogenous (tear), Traction (pulling), Combined (tear and pulling), and Exudative (fluid buildup).

Patients might experience a 'shade' or 'curtain' coming across their vision, cobwebs, bright flashing lights, or a sudden increase in floaters. There is typically no pain.

Visual acuity is determined, followed by a dilated fundus examination using an indirect ophthalmoscope and slit-lamp biomicroscopy. Other tools include stereo fundus photography and fluorescein angiography.

The goal of surgery is to reattach the retina to the RPE. Techniques include scleral buckle (sealing the tear with a band), pars plana vitrectomy (removing the vitreous gel), and pneumatic retinopexy (using a gas bubble to push the retina back).

A piece of silicone plastic or sponge is sewn onto the sclera (the outer layer of the eye) to hold the retina against the sclera.

A procedure where the vitreous gel is removed from the eye. This allows the surgeon to access the detached retina and perform repairs.

A gas bubble is injected into the eye to push the retina back against the RPE.

A chronic inflammation of the eyelid edges, typically affecting both eyes. There are two types: staphylococcal and seborrheic. Staphylococcal blepharitis can be more serious due to the involvement of hair follicles and may cause scarring.

An infection of the cornea caused by bacteria like S. aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

A serious infection of the cornea caused by the Herpes simplex virus. This is a major cause of corneal blindness. Symptoms include pain, tearing, and light sensitivity.

Antibiotics are the usual treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis.

Viral conjunctivitis typically doesn't respond to medications.

Corticosteroids and vasoconstrictors (like topical epinephrine) can help manage allergic conjunctivitis.

Immediate and copious irrigation of the eye with saline or sterile water is crucial in treating toxic conjunctivitis.

Patients should expect eye redness, swelling, and discharge lasting about a week. They may experience pain, a sandy feeling, and light sensitivity. Recovery usually takes about a week.