Questions and Answers
What is the function of the tunica albuginea in the testis?
Which muscles are derived from the internal oblique muscle in the scrotum?
What is the purpose of the efferent ductules in the testis?
Which of the following is NOT a layer of the scrotum?
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What is the purpose of the testis being 1-3°C cooler than abdominal temperature?
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What is the function of the dartos muscle in the scrotum?
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What is the origin of the internal spermatic fascia?
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What is the layer of tunica vaginalis that covers the testis and epididymis?
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What is the function of the potential space between the two layers of tunica vaginalis?
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What is the abnormal fluid accumulation in the potential space between the two layers of tunica vaginalis?
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What is the muscle attached to the ischiopubic rami?
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What is the nerve that innervates the superficial perineal muscles?
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What is the part of the penis that is connected to the pubic symphysis via the suspensory ligament?
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What is the layer of tunica vaginalis that covers the inner aspect of the internal spermatic fascia?
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What is the inferior border of the pubic symphysis in relation to the perineum?
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What is the posterolateral border of the perineum?
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Which muscle is a part of the superomedial wall of the ischioanal fossa?
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What is the location of the pudendal nerve and internal pudendal vessels within the ischioanal fossa?
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What is the contents of the ischioanal fossa?
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What is the boundary between the anal triangle and urogenital triangle?
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What is the apex of the coccyx in relation to the perineum?
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What is the region of the perineum that contains the anal canal in the midline?
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Which muscle converges at the perineal body?
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What is the boundary of the urogenital triangle?
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Which nerve innervates the external anal sphincter?
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What is the location of the spermatic cord?
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What is the division of superficial fascia in the urogenital triangle
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What forms the superior wall of the ischioanal fossa?
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What is the posterior angle of the perineum?
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What is the inferior border of the deep perineal pouch?
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What is the main component of the lateral wall of the ischioanal fossa?
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What structures perforate the urogenital triangle in a female?
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What is the location of the dorsal nerve of penis/clitoris?
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What is the region of the perineum that contains the urethra and vagina?
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What is the main component of the inferior wall of the ischioanal fossa?
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What is the boundary between the anal and urogenital triangles?
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What is the contents of the pudendal canal?
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What is the boundary of the perineum?
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What muscle is also known as the external urethral sphincter?
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What is the location of the pudendal nerve within the perineum?
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Which of the following muscles is NOT found in the superficial perineal pouch?
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What is the name of the glands that are homologous to the prostate gland in males?
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What is the boundary between the anterior and posterior regions of the perineum?
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What is the location of the internal pudendal vessels within the perineum?
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What is the contents of the deep perineal pouch?
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Which of the following muscles forms the superomedial wall of the ischioanal fossa?
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What is the inferior border of the pubic symphysis in relation to the perineum?
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Which of the following structures is NOT located in the ischioanal fossa?
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What is the region of the perineum that contains the anal canal in the midline?
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What forms the lateral wall of the ischioanal fossa?
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What is the contents of the pudendal canal?
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Which muscle converges at the perineal body?
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What is the main component of the inferior wall of the ischioanal fossa?
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What is the main component of the lateral wall of the ischioanal fossa?
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Which muscle converges at the perineal body?
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What is the location of the dorsal nerve of the penis or clitoris?
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What is the inferior border of the deep perineal pouch?
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Which of the following structures perforates the urogenital triangle?
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What is the contents of the superficial perineal pouch?
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What is the location of the pudendal nerve and internal pudendal vessels within the ischioanal fossa?
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What is the contents of the deep perineal pouch in a male?
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What is the region of the perineum that contains the urethra and vagina?
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What is the contents of the deep perineal pouch in a female?
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Study Notes
Testis
- Function: produce spermatozoa via spermatogenesis, and production of testosterone
- Need to be 1-3°C cooler than abdominal temperature
- Surrounded by tunica albuginea
- Interior divided into lobules via fibrous septa
- Each lobule contains 1-3 seminiferous tubules
- Open into rete testis
- Efferent ductules connect rete testis to epididymis
Epididymis
- Storage and maturation of spermatozoa
- Parts: head, body, and tail (continuous with vas deferens)
Scrotum
- Layers: skin, tunica dartos, external spermatic fascia, cremaster m. & fascia, internal spermatic fascia, and tunica vaginalis
- Tunica dartos: derived from superficial fascia of anterior abdominal wall, contains dartos m. (smooth m.)
- Tunica vaginalis: derived from peritoneum, lower expanded part of processus vaginalis, visceral layer covers testis and epididymis, parietal layer covers inner aspect of internal spermatic fascia, has potential space between the two layers
Penis
- Parts: body and root
- Body: proximal part connected to pubic symphysis via suspensory lig., 2 corpora cavernosa, 1 corpus spongiosum, glans penis, and prepuce (foreskin)
- Root: within superficial perineal pouch, inferior to perineal membrane, formed by posterior ends of corpora cavernosa and corpora spongiosum
Superficial Perineal Muscles
- All innervated by perineal branch of pudendal n.
- Muscles: bulbospongiosus m.
Perineum
- Most inferior portion of trunk
- Inferior to pelvic diaphragm
- Angles (as viewed I -> S): anterior, posterior, and lateral
- Borders: anterolateral, posterolateral
- Regions: posterior (anal triangle) and anterior (urogenital triangle)
Ischioanal Fossa
- Walls: inferior wall, superomedial wall, and lateral wall
- Extends into urogenital triangle
- Contents: large amounts of fat, pudendal n. & internal pudendal vessels, and inferior rectal n. & vessels
Perineum
- The perineum is the most inferior portion of the trunk, located inferior to the pelvic diaphragm
- It has three angles: anterior, posterior, and lateral
- Anterior angle: inferior border of pubic symphysis
- Posterior angle: apex of coccyx
- Lateral angle: ischial tuberosities
- The perineum has two regions: posterior (anal triangle) and anterior (urogenital triangle)
Anal Triangle
- Contains the anal canal in the midline and the ischioanal (ischiorectal) fossa on each side of the anal canal
Urogenital Triangle
- Attached to each side of the ischiopubic ramus
- Anterior border separated from the pubic symphysis by the deep dorsal vein (of penis/clitoris)
- Perforated by the urethra, bulbourethral ducts (in males), and vagina (in females)
- Also perforated by branches of internal pudendal vessels and the dorsal nerve (of penis/clitoris)
Ischioanal Fossa
- Walls:
- Inferior wall: skin
- Superomedial wall: levator ani muscle, external anal sphincter muscle
- Lateral wall: lower part of obturator internus muscle, ischial tuberosity
- Extends into the urogenital triangle
- Contents: large amounts of fat, pudendal nerve and internal pudendal vessels, and inferior rectal nerve and vessels
Superficial and Deep Perineal Pouches
- Superficial perineal pouch:
- Located between Colles' fascia and the perineal membrane
- Contents: superficial perineal muscles, perineal nerve and vessels, crura of clitoris, bulbs of vestibule, and greater vestibular glands
- Deep perineal pouch:
- Inferior border: perineal membrane
- Superior border: inferior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm
- Contents: deep transverse perineal muscles, sphincter urethrae muscle (aka external urethral sphincter muscle), part of urethra, part of vagina, dorsal nerve of clitoris, and internal pudendal vessels
Male Genitalia
- Spermatic cord:
- Location: begins at the deep inguinal ring, passes through the inguinal canal, and exits through the superficial inguinal ring
- Components: vas deferens, testicular artery and vein, artery of ductus deferens, cremasteric artery, lymph vessels, and autonomic nerves of clitoris
Female Genitalia
- Bulbs of vestibule:
- Erectile tissue along labia minora
- Homologue of bulb of penis
- Covered by bulbospongiosus muscle
- Become enlarged with clitoris during sexual excitation
- Greater vestibular glands:
- Posterior ends of bulbs of vestibule
- Homologue of bulbourethral glands
- Secrete mucus that lubricates vulva
- Paraurethral glands:
- Aka Skene's glands
- Homologue of prostate
- Closer to lower end of urethra, mucous glands
Pudendal Nerve
- Branch of sacral plexus
- Ventral rami S2-S4
- Leaves pelvis via greater sciatic foramen, inferior to piriformis, posterior to ischial spine
- Enters perineum via lesser sciatic foramen
- Travels anterior in pudendal canal along lateral wall of ischioanal fossa
- Branches as it gets to urogenital triangle, including the perineal nerve and internal pudendal vessels
Perineum
- The perineum is the most inferior portion of the trunk, located inferior to the pelvic diaphragm
- It has three angles: anterior, posterior, and lateral
- Anterior angle: inferior border of pubic symphysis
- Posterior angle: apex of coccyx
- Lateral angle: ischial tuberosities
- The perineum has two regions: posterior (anal triangle) and anterior (urogenital triangle)
Anal Triangle
- Contains the anal canal in the midline and the ischioanal (ischiorectal) fossa on each side of the anal canal
Urogenital Triangle
- Attached to each side of the ischiopubic ramus
- Anterior border separated from the pubic symphysis by the deep dorsal vein (of penis/clitoris)
- Perforated by the urethra, bulbourethral ducts (in males), and vagina (in females)
- Also perforated by branches of internal pudendal vessels and the dorsal nerve (of penis/clitoris)
Ischioanal Fossa
- Walls:
- Inferior wall: skin
- Superomedial wall: levator ani muscle, external anal sphincter muscle
- Lateral wall: lower part of obturator internus muscle, ischial tuberosity
- Extends into the urogenital triangle
- Contents: large amounts of fat, pudendal nerve and internal pudendal vessels, and inferior rectal nerve and vessels
Superficial and Deep Perineal Pouches
- Superficial perineal pouch:
- Located between Colles' fascia and the perineal membrane
- Contents: superficial perineal muscles, perineal nerve and vessels, crura of clitoris, bulbs of vestibule, and greater vestibular glands
- Deep perineal pouch:
- Inferior border: perineal membrane
- Superior border: inferior fascia of the pelvic diaphragm
- Contents: deep transverse perineal muscles, sphincter urethrae muscle (aka external urethral sphincter muscle), part of urethra, part of vagina, dorsal nerve of clitoris, and internal pudendal vessels
Male Genitalia
- Spermatic cord:
- Location: begins at the deep inguinal ring, passes through the inguinal canal, and exits through the superficial inguinal ring
- Components: vas deferens, testicular artery and vein, artery of ductus deferens, cremasteric artery, lymph vessels, and autonomic nerves of clitoris
Female Genitalia
- Bulbs of vestibule:
- Erectile tissue along labia minora
- Homologue of bulb of penis
- Covered by bulbospongiosus muscle
- Become enlarged with clitoris during sexual excitation
- Greater vestibular glands:
- Posterior ends of bulbs of vestibule
- Homologue of bulbourethral glands
- Secrete mucus that lubricates vulva
- Paraurethral glands:
- Aka Skene's glands
- Homologue of prostate
- Closer to lower end of urethra, mucous glands
Pudendal Nerve
- Branch of sacral plexus
- Ventral rami S2-S4
- Leaves pelvis via greater sciatic foramen, inferior to piriformis, posterior to ischial spine
- Enters perineum via lesser sciatic foramen
- Travels anterior in pudendal canal along lateral wall of ischioanal fossa
- Branches as it gets to urogenital triangle, including the perineal nerve and internal pudendal vessels
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Description
Male & female genitalia, perineal borders, urogenital and anal triangles
