Anatomy of Synovial Joints
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of articular cartilage in synovial joints?

  • To transmit mechanical forces to underlying bone (correct)
  • To produce synovial fluid
  • To absorb energy of impact
  • To stimulate bone growth

    • What is the main characteristic of synovial joints?

  • They are composed of only two bones
  • They are only found in the axial skeleton
  • They allow for a variable degree of movement (correct)
  • They are immovable

    • What is the purpose of synovial fluid in synovial joints?

  • To stimulate bone growth
  • To produce articular cartilage
  • To reduce friction between bones (correct)
  • To absorb energy of impact

    • What is the primary function of subchondral bone in synovial joints?

    <p>To attenuate forces and absorb energy of impact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of articular cartilage in old age?

    <p>It becomes more yellow in color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of fibrocartilaginous menisci or disks in synovial joints?

    <p>To provide additional support to the joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of synovial fossae?

    <p>They are normal cartilage-free depressions on non–weight-bearing articular cartilage surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the periosteal surface that is lined by fibrous tissue contiguous with the synovial membrane?

    <p>To merge with articular cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the ligaments' ability to decrease loads or stresses when pulled to constant deformations?

    <p>Load relax</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ligaments in joints such as the stifle?

    <p>Providing joint proprioception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of entheses is characterized by the presence of dense fibrous connective tissue, uncalcified fibrocartilage, calcified fibrocartilage, and bone?

    <p>Fibrocartilaginous enthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the process of bone adapting to chronic changes in forces applied to it?

    <p>Remodeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two types of forces that can affect bone?

    <p>Internal and external forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of hormonal agents such as calcitriol and PTH in bone?

    <p>Entering the bone through the bloodstream</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the failure of bone?

    <p>Fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the structure of bone that helps it defend against mechanical forces?

    <p>Bone structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the subchondral bone in the joint?

    <p>To support the overlying cartilage and dissipate concussive forces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which epiphyseal cartilage is replaced by bone?

    <p>Endochondral ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the flushing of fluid in and out of the articular cartilage?

    <p>To remove waste products and bring in nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of subchondral bone in immature individuals?

    <p>It is composed of fine, interconnecting trabeculae with a large calcified cartilage component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between tendons and ligaments?

    <p>Tendons transmit force from muscle to bone, while ligaments connect bone to bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common pathologic finding in osteoarthritis?

    <p>Increased subchondral bone thickness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the articular cartilage?

    <p>To facilitate the exchange of nutrients and waste products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of subchondral bone in mature individuals?

    <p>It is composed of a thin layer of cortical bone and underlying trabeculae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which growth factor is released during the acute inflammatory response phase of tendon repair?

    <p>TGF-β</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of fibroblasts during the cell proliferation phase of tendon repair?

    <p>To synthesize components of the extracellular matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the extracellular matrix during the cell proliferation phase of tendon repair?

    <p>It is highly cellular with abundant water and matrix components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs during the remodeling stage of tendon repair?

    <p>A decrease in cellularity and an increase in type I collagen synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the repair tissue at the end of the proliferative stage?

    <p>It is highly cellular with abundant matrix components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of type I collagen in the remodeling stage of tendon repair?

    <p>To provide mechanical strength to the regenerating tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does it take for the remodeling stage of tendon repair to begin?

    <p>6-8 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the final repair tissue in tendon repair?

    <p>It never achieves the characteristics of normal tendon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the critical step that gives collagen fibers their strength in tendons?

    <p>Formation of intermolecular cross-links within and between the molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of lysyl oxidase in collagen synthesis?

    <p>Promoting cross-link formation within and between molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of tendon collagen fibers that resists tension?

    <p>Parallel arrangement and linear orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of proteoglycan components in tendons?

    <p>Influencing the mechanical properties of tendons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure that envelops the tendon and is lined by synoviocytes?

    <p>Tendon sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of cells found in the tendon?

    <p>Fibroblast-like cells called tenocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of tendons that allows them to glide smoothly?

    <p>Being covered by flattened synoviocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relative strength of tendons compared to muscle and bone?

    <p>Tendons are stronger per unit area than muscle and equal to bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the possible biomechanical role of crimp in ligaments?

    <p>Relating to the ligament's loading state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of ligaments in joints?

    <p>Passively stabilizing joints and helping guide them through their normal range of motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of ligaments that helps provide joint homeostasis?

    <p>Viscoelastic behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ligaments in joint proprioception?

    <p>Invoking neurologic feedback signals through joint receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the type of tissue present at fibrous entheses?

    <p>Dense fibrous connective tissue only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of extreme internal forces on bone?

    <p>Fracture and remodeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of fibrocartilaginous entheses?

    <p>Presence of dense fibrous connective tissue, uncalcified fibrocartilage, calcified fibrocartilage, and bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the failure of bone?

    <p>Fracture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of lesions of physeal osteochondrosis?

    <p>Columns of retained, viable, hypertrophic chondrocytes without evidence of mineralization or vascular invasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common finding in osteochondrosis manifesta lesions?

    <p>Direct contact of subchondral bone with an area of necrotic cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD) characterized by?

    <p>Clefts in the necrotic cartilage with subsequent fracture of the overlying articular cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of cleft formation in osteochondrosis dissecans?

    <p>Formation of cartilaginous or osteochondral flap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common site of osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD)?

    <p>Same as osteochondrosis manifesta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant cause of lameness in young breeding pigs?

    <p>Osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of bony remodeling in physeal osteochondrosis?

    <p>Formation of locally extensive areas of woven bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can occur at the junction of the retained cartilage and the underlying bone in physeal osteochondrosis?

    <p>Cleft formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of an extensive growth plate fracture involving a large area?

    <p>Angular limb deformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of osteochondrosis manifesta lesions?

    <p>Grossly visible necrotic epiphyseal cartilage with ossification front</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process by which epiphyseal cartilage is replaced by bone?

    <p>Endochondral ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of osteochondrosis latens lesions?

    <p>Histologically recognized areas of necrotic epiphyseal cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common location of osteochondrosis lesions in horses?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of fractures involving a large area of the growth plate?

    <p>Angular limb deformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of physeal osteochondrosis lesions?

    <p>Focal failure of endochondral ossification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common location of osteochondrosis lesions in pigs?

    <p>AECC of the distal femur and humerus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of elbow dysplasia?

    <p>Elbow incongruity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the disease characterized by slipped capital femoral epiphysis in young cats?

    <p>Physeal dysplasia with slipped capital femoral epiphysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of growth plates in affected cats?

    <p>Widened and appear to remain open longer than expected</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the suspected cause of physeal lesions?

    <p>Extensive area of physeal osteochondrosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of fractures occurring secondary to physeal dysplasia?

    <p>Irregular clusters of chondrocytes separated by abundant extracellular matrix on both the epiphyseal and metaphyseal sides of the physeal cleavage site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the condition that includes OCD of the medial humeral condyle, fragmentation of the medial coronoid process, and ununited anconeal process?

    <p>Elbow dysplasia syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the growth plate in affected animals?

    <p>Disorganized appearance with chondrocytes in clusters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the suspected location of dysplastic lesions?

    <p>In all growth plates in affected animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

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