72 Questions
What is the primary function of articular cartilage in synovial joints?
To transmit mechanical forces to underlying bone
What is the main characteristic of synovial joints?
They allow for a variable degree of movement
What is the purpose of synovial fluid in synovial joints?
To reduce friction between bones
What is the primary function of subchondral bone in synovial joints?
To attenuate forces and absorb energy of impact
What is the characteristic of articular cartilage in old age?
It becomes more yellow in color
What is the purpose of fibrocartilaginous menisci or disks in synovial joints?
To provide additional support to the joint
What is the characteristic of synovial fossae?
They are normal cartilage-free depressions on non–weight-bearing articular cartilage surfaces
What is the function of the periosteal surface that is lined by fibrous tissue contiguous with the synovial membrane?
To merge with articular cartilage
What is the term used to describe the ligaments' ability to decrease loads or stresses when pulled to constant deformations?
Load relax
What is the primary function of ligaments in joints such as the stifle?
Providing joint proprioception
What type of entheses is characterized by the presence of dense fibrous connective tissue, uncalcified fibrocartilage, calcified fibrocartilage, and bone?
Fibrocartilaginous enthesis
What is the term used to describe the process of bone adapting to chronic changes in forces applied to it?
Remodeling
What are the two types of forces that can affect bone?
Internal and external forces
What is the role of hormonal agents such as calcitriol and PTH in bone?
Entering the bone through the bloodstream
What is the term used to describe the failure of bone?
Fracture
What is the term used to describe the structure of bone that helps it defend against mechanical forces?
Bone structure
What is the main function of the subchondral bone in the joint?
To support the overlying cartilage and dissipate concussive forces
What is the process by which epiphyseal cartilage is replaced by bone?
Endochondral ossification
What is the purpose of the flushing of fluid in and out of the articular cartilage?
To remove waste products and bring in nutrients
What is the characteristic of subchondral bone in immature individuals?
It is composed of fine, interconnecting trabeculae with a large calcified cartilage component
What is the difference between tendons and ligaments?
Tendons transmit force from muscle to bone, while ligaments connect bone to bone
What is a common pathologic finding in osteoarthritis?
Increased subchondral bone thickness
What is the function of the articular cartilage?
To facilitate the exchange of nutrients and waste products
What is the characteristic of subchondral bone in mature individuals?
It is composed of a thin layer of cortical bone and underlying trabeculae
Which growth factor is released during the acute inflammatory response phase of tendon repair?
TGF-β
What is the primary function of fibroblasts during the cell proliferation phase of tendon repair?
To synthesize components of the extracellular matrix
What is the characteristic of the extracellular matrix during the cell proliferation phase of tendon repair?
It is highly cellular with abundant water and matrix components
What occurs during the remodeling stage of tendon repair?
A decrease in cellularity and an increase in type I collagen synthesis
What is the characteristic of the repair tissue at the end of the proliferative stage?
It is highly cellular with abundant matrix components
What is the function of type I collagen in the remodeling stage of tendon repair?
To provide mechanical strength to the regenerating tissue
How long does it take for the remodeling stage of tendon repair to begin?
6-8 weeks
What is the characteristic of the final repair tissue in tendon repair?
It never achieves the characteristics of normal tendon
What is the critical step that gives collagen fibers their strength in tendons?
Formation of intermolecular cross-links within and between the molecules
What is the function of lysyl oxidase in collagen synthesis?
Promoting cross-link formation within and between molecules
What is the characteristic of tendon collagen fibers that resists tension?
Parallel arrangement and linear orientation
What is the role of proteoglycan components in tendons?
Influencing the mechanical properties of tendons
What is the structure that envelops the tendon and is lined by synoviocytes?
Tendon sheath
What is the type of cells found in the tendon?
Fibroblast-like cells called tenocytes
What is the characteristic of tendons that allows them to glide smoothly?
Being covered by flattened synoviocytes
What is the relative strength of tendons compared to muscle and bone?
Tendons are stronger per unit area than muscle and equal to bone
What is the possible biomechanical role of crimp in ligaments?
Relating to the ligament's loading state
What is the main function of ligaments in joints?
Passively stabilizing joints and helping guide them through their normal range of motion
What is the characteristic of ligaments that helps provide joint homeostasis?
Viscoelastic behavior
What is the role of ligaments in joint proprioception?
Invoking neurologic feedback signals through joint receptors
What is the type of tissue present at fibrous entheses?
Dense fibrous connective tissue only
What is the result of extreme internal forces on bone?
Fracture and remodeling
What is the characteristic of fibrocartilaginous entheses?
Presence of dense fibrous connective tissue, uncalcified fibrocartilage, calcified fibrocartilage, and bone
What is the term used to describe the failure of bone?
Fracture
What is a characteristic of lesions of physeal osteochondrosis?
Columns of retained, viable, hypertrophic chondrocytes without evidence of mineralization or vascular invasion
What is a common finding in osteochondrosis manifesta lesions?
Direct contact of subchondral bone with an area of necrotic cartilage
What is osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD) characterized by?
Clefts in the necrotic cartilage with subsequent fracture of the overlying articular cartilage
What is the result of cleft formation in osteochondrosis dissecans?
Formation of cartilaginous or osteochondral flap
What is a common site of osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD)?
Same as osteochondrosis manifesta
What is a significant cause of lameness in young breeding pigs?
Osteochondrosis dissecans (OCD)
What is a characteristic of bony remodeling in physeal osteochondrosis?
Formation of locally extensive areas of woven bone
What can occur at the junction of the retained cartilage and the underlying bone in physeal osteochondrosis?
Cleft formation
What is the outcome of an extensive growth plate fracture involving a large area?
Angular limb deformity
What is the characteristic of osteochondrosis manifesta lesions?
Grossly visible necrotic epiphyseal cartilage with ossification front
What is the term for the process by which epiphyseal cartilage is replaced by bone?
Endochondral ossification
What is the characteristic of osteochondrosis latens lesions?
Histologically recognized areas of necrotic epiphyseal cartilage
What is the common location of osteochondrosis lesions in horses?
All of the above
What is the outcome of fractures involving a large area of the growth plate?
Angular limb deformity
What is the characteristic of physeal osteochondrosis lesions?
Focal failure of endochondral ossification
What is the common location of osteochondrosis lesions in pigs?
AECC of the distal femur and humerus
What is the primary cause of elbow dysplasia?
Elbow incongruity
What is the name of the disease characterized by slipped capital femoral epiphysis in young cats?
Physeal dysplasia with slipped capital femoral epiphysis
What is the characteristic of growth plates in affected cats?
Widened and appear to remain open longer than expected
What is the suspected cause of physeal lesions?
Extensive area of physeal osteochondrosis
What is the characteristic of fractures occurring secondary to physeal dysplasia?
Irregular clusters of chondrocytes separated by abundant extracellular matrix on both the epiphyseal and metaphyseal sides of the physeal cleavage site
What is the name of the condition that includes OCD of the medial humeral condyle, fragmentation of the medial coronoid process, and ununited anconeal process?
Elbow dysplasia syndrome
What is the characteristic of the growth plate in affected animals?
Disorganized appearance with chondrocytes in clusters
What is the suspected location of dysplastic lesions?
In all growth plates in affected animals
This quiz covers the structure and composition of synovial joints, including the fibrous capsule, ligaments, synovial membrane, and articular cartilage. Learn about the different types of synovial joints and their functions in the human body.
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