Anatomy of Posterior Triangle of Neck
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following infections can cause swollen lymph nodes?

  • Influenza
  • Tuberculosis (correct)
  • HIV
  • All of the above

    • What is the purpose of taking a detailed history in lymphadenopathy?

  • To diagnose the disease
  • To determine the severity of the disease
  • To prescribe antibiotics
  • To identify potential causes and guide further evaluation and treatment (correct)

    • What is the typical presentation of lymphadenopathy?

  • Painful rash on the skin
  • Palpable or visible swollen lymph nodes (correct)
  • Severe headache
  • Difficulty breathing

    • What is the general treatment for lymphadenopathy?

    <p>Addressing the underlying cause of the swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of lymphadenopathy?

    <p>Difficulty swallowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of conducting blood tests in lymphadenopathy?

    <p>To identify the underlying cause of the swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of fine needle aspiration (FNA) or biopsy of the lymph node?

    <p>It helps in identifying the underlying cause of the swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of travel history in lymphadenopathy?

    <p>It is crucial in identifying the potential cause of the swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What forms the roof of the posterior triangle of the neck?

    <p>Investing layer of fascia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following veins lies superficially in the posterior triangle?

    <p>External jugular vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the point of access to the venous system via a central catheter?

    <p>Subclavian vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle forms the border of the posterior triangle?

    <p>Sterno cleidomastoid muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What becomes the axillary artery as it crosses the first rib?

    <p>Subclavian artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not a part of the floor of the posterior triangle?

    <p>External jugular vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the external jugular vein empty into?

    <p>Subclavian vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the subclavian artery in the posterior triangle?

    <p>Between the anterior and middle scalene muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve exits the cranial cavity and descends down the neck?

    <p>Accessory nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the layer of fascia that the accessory nerve crosses in the posterior triangle?

    <p>Investing fascia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following structures forms within the muscles of the floor of the posterior triangle?

    <p>Cervical plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of the accessory nerve in the posterior triangle?

    <p>Oblique and inferoposterior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the swelling or enlargement of lymph nodes?

    <p>Lymphadenopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a possible cause of lymphadenopathy in the lateral neck?

    <p>Inflammatory conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the layer of fascia that the phrenic nerve descends down the neck within?

    <p>Prevertebral fascia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is innervated by the phrenic nerve?

    <p>Diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate treatment for cancer?

    <p>Surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of sialadenitis?

    <p>Bacterial infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of taking a history of sialadenitis?

    <p>To identify the underlying cause of the condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic test may be used to visualize the salivary glands?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of treatment for sialadenitis?

    <p>To eliminate the underlying cause of the condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe the enlargement of the thyroid gland?

    <p>Goitre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential cause of goitre?

    <p>Iodine deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may be prescribed to help with saliva flow in sialadenitis?

    <p>Sialogogues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an essential aspect of taking a history for goitre?

    <p>Inquiring about symptoms like neck swelling and difficulty swallowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of thyroid function tests in the investigation of goitre?

    <p>To determine the underlying cause of the goitre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of branchial cysts?

    <p>Remnants of tissues from the branchial arches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important aspect of history taking in branchial cysts?

    <p>Inquiring about the progression of the swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of imaging studies in the investigation of branchial cysts?

    <p>To visualize the cyst and its relationship to surrounding structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible symptom of goitre?

    <p>Difficulty swallowing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible treatment approach for goitre?

    <p>Medication and iodine supplements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of branchial cysts?

    <p>They are fluid-filled sacs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anatomy of Lateral Neck

    • The posterior triangle of the neck is an anatomical area located at the posterolateral aspect of the neck.
    • The posterior triangle has three borders:
      • Roof: formed by the investing layer of fascia
      • Floor: formed by the prevertebral fascia
    • The area contains many muscles, including vertebral muscles (covered by prevertebral fascia) that form the floor of the posterior triangle.

    Vasculature

    • The external jugular vein is a major vein of the neck region, formed by the retromandibular and posterior auricular veins.
    • The external jugular vein lies superficially, entering the posterior triangle after crossing the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
    • The subclavian vein is often used as a point of access to the venous system, via a central catheter.
    • The transverse cervical and suprascapular veins also lie in the posterior triangle.

    Nerves

    • The accessory nerve (CN XI) exits the cranial cavity, descends down the neck, and innervates sternocleidomastoid.
    • The accessory nerve enters the posterior triangle, crossing it in an oblique, inferoposterior direction, within the investing layer of fascia.
    • The cervical plexus forms within the muscles of the floor of the posterior triangle.
    • The phrenic nerve arises from the anterior divisions of spinal nerves C3-C5 and descends down the neck, within the prevertebral fascia, to innervate the diaphragm.

    Epidemiology

    • The lateral neck region contains various structures that can give rise to different types of swellings, including lymph nodes, salivary glands, thyroid gland, carotid artery, jugular vein, and muscles like the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

    Differentials of Lateral Neck Swelling

    1. Lymphadenopathy

    • Lymphadenopathy is a term used to describe the swelling or enlargement of lymph nodes.
    • Causes of lymphadenopathy include infections (bacterial, viral, fungal), inflammatory conditions (autoimmune diseases), and malignancies (cancers).
    • Clinical signs and symptoms include palpable or visible swollen lymph nodes, tenderness or pain in the affected area, redness or warmth over the lymph nodes, and sometimes systemic symptoms like fever, night sweats, or unexplained weight loss.
    • Management involves history taking, investigation (blood tests, imaging studies, fine needle aspiration or biopsy), and treatment (addressing the underlying cause, which may include medications, surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy).

    2. Sialadenitis

    • Sialadenitis is a condition where the salivary glands become inflamed due to various causes, including infections, blockages, autoimmune conditions, and tumors.
    • Clinical symptoms include swelling, pain, and tenderness in the affected area.
    • Management involves history taking, investigation (physical examination, ultrasound, sialography, CT scans, or MRI), and treatment (antibiotics, pain management, warm compresses, and potentially surgical intervention).

    3. Goitre

    • Goitre is a term used to describe the enlargement of the thyroid gland.
    • Causes of goitre include iodine deficiency, inflammation, or thyroid nodules.
    • Clinical signs and symptoms include neck swelling, difficulty swallowing, or breathing issues.
    • Management involves history taking, investigation (thyroid function tests, ultrasound imaging, fine needle aspiration cytology), and treatment (medication, iodine supplements, or surgery).

    4. Branchial Cyst

    • Branchial cysts are fluid-filled sacs that can develop in the neck.
    • Causes of branchial cysts include remnants of tissues from the branchial arches, infections, inflammation, or blockages of the salivary glands.
    • Clinical symptoms include swelling or discomfort.
    • Management involves history taking, investigation (imaging studies such as ultrasound, CT scans, or MRI), and treatment (surgical removal).

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    Description

    This quiz covers the anatomy of the posterior triangle of the neck, including its borders, roof, and related structures. It also touches on the differential diagnosis of lateral neck swelling.

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