Anatomy of Nervous Tissue Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which connective tissue layer directly surrounds individual nerve fibers?

  • Perineurium
  • Epineurium
  • Myelin Sheath
  • Endoneurium (correct)

What type of neuron is found in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG)?

  • Pseudounipolar (correct)
  • Multipolar
  • Bipolar
  • Unipolar

If a nerve is dissected, what is the outer layer visible to the naked eye?

  • Epineurium (correct)
  • Perineurium
  • Myelin Sheath
  • Endoneurium

Which of the following best describes the relationship between nerve fiber diameter and conduction velocity?

<p>Larger diameter fibers have faster conduction velocities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the primary sensory neurons?

<p>Processing signals within the brain. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the approximate ranges of fiber diameters and conduction velocities, according to the memorization tip?

<p>Multiples of 6 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of nerve fibers are the first to be activated when a very perceptible stimulus is applied to a nerve?

<p>Aα fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of connective tissue surrounds fascicles within a nerve?

<p>Perineurium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary function of somatosensory receptors?

<p>To detect different types of stimuli. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the specific type of stimulus that a sensory neuron will detect?

<p>The specific receptor class in the nerve terminal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which category of somatosensory receptors is primarily responsible for detecting changes in temperature?

<p>Thermal receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of nociceptors within the somatosensory system?

<p>To signal tissue damage and pain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a rapidly adapting receptor?

<p>A receptor that only activates at the start of a stimulus, and then stops. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of muscle and skeletal receptors in the somatosensory system?

<p>To register body position and movement. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of receptor is responsible for detecting touch, pressure, and vibration in the skin?

<p>Cutaneous and subcutaneous mechanoreceptors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do rapidly adapting receptors respond to a continuous stimulus?

<p>They quickly stop responding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which TRP channel is activated by a co-activator found in Efficascent oil?

<p>TRPV3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway?

<p>Transmission of vibration and position sense (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the speed of conduction velocity of C fibers that mediate pruritus?

<p>0.5 m/s (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the decussation of the fibers in the dorsal column pathway occur?

<p>Medulla (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a known co-activator for TRPV channels?

<p>Menthol (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason scratching provides temporary relief from itch?

<p>It activates inhibitory interneurons and releases GABA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these pathways gives clues to help determine the area of localization for a sensory stimulus?

<p>Both anterolateral and dorsal column pathways (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pruritogens initiate which of the following process?

<p>Transmission of itch sensation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of endogenous opioid peptides?

<p>To act as natural painkillers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a major class of opioid receptors?

<p>Gamma (γ) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which endogenous opioid peptide predominantly binds to the mu (μ) receptor?

<p>β-endorphin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which propeptide is the precursor to met-enkephalin?

<p>Proenkephalin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are opioid receptors primarily located in the body?

<p>Brain and spinal cord (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which opioid peptide is NOT explicitly listed as being derived from POMC?

<p>Met-enkephalin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which receptor is known to respond preferentially to enkephalins?

<p>Delta (δ) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the table, which of the following opioids prefers mu receptors?

<p>β-endorphin, endomorphin-1, and endomorphin-2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the cell bodies of primary nociceptive neurons located?

<p>Dorsal root ganglia or trigeminal nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which Rexed lamina are nociception-specific neurons located in the dorsal horn?

<p>Lamina I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a specific ascending pathway of nociception?

<p>Spinothalamic tract (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The convergence of visceral and somatic afferent fibers onto a single DRG leads to which phenomenon?

<p>Referred pain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of referred pain?

<p>Pain in the left shoulder during a heart attack (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT part of the anterolateral system?

<p>Corticospinal tract (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of 'McBurney’s Point'?

<p>The point on the abdomen where tenderness is most painful with appendicitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information, how does the brain perceive the origin of noxious stimuli in cases of referred pain?

<p>The brain is unsure if noxious stimuli originate from skin or a visceral organ (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following neuropeptides is associated with the kappa opioid receptor?

<p>Dynorphin A (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a known product of prodynorphin?

<p>Leu-enkephalin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of information is primarily transmitted through Rexed lamina I and II?

<p>Nociception (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cutaneous mechanoreceptor is most sensitive to vibrations?

<p>Pacinian Corpuscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the descending monoaminergic pathways?

<p>To modulate pain signals within the spinal cord. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following nerve fiber classes has the largest diameter?

<p>Alpha (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Brodmann area is NOT considered part of the primary somatosensory cortex?

<p>5 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve fiber class is responsible for the slowest conduction velocity?

<p>C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Somatosensory receptors

Sensory neurons that detect changes in the environment, initiating a nerve response.

Stimulus

A change in the environment that stimulates a sensory receptor.

Stimulus intensity

The strength of a stimulus that activates a sensory receptor.

Sensory neuron specialization

The type of sensation produced by a sensory neuron depends on the type of receptor it has.

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Mechanoreceptors

Receptors that respond mainly to pressure and vibration.

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Thermal receptors

Receptors that respond to changes in temperature.

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Nocireceptors

Receptors that detect pain.

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Muscle and skeletal receptors

Receptors located in muscles and skeletal structures that provide information about body position and movement.

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Dorsal Root Ganglia (DRG)

The cluster of neurons responsible for receiving sensory information from the periphery.

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Pseudounipolar Neuron

A type of neuron with a single axon that branches into two parts. One branch receives sensory information from the periphery, and the other transmits information to the spinal cord or brainstem.

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Endoneurium

The layer of connective tissue that surrounds each individual nerve fiber.

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Perineurium

The layer of connective tissue that surrounds bundles of nerve fibers (fascicles).

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Epineurium

The outermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds several groups of fascicles.

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Conduction Velocity

The speed at which an electrical signal travels along a nerve fiber.

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Fiber Diameter and Conduction Velocity Relationship

The relationship between the diameter of a nerve fiber and its conduction velocity. Larger diameter fibers conduct signals faster.

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Recruitment of Nerve Fibers

The process of activating different nerve fibers based on the strength of the stimulus.

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TRPV1 (Vanilloid 1)

A type of ion channel that is sensitive to heat and is activated by capsaicin, the active ingredient in chili peppers.

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TRPV3 (Vanilloid 3)

A type of ion channel that is activated by heat, but is less sensitive to capsaicin than TRPV1. It is also activated by camphor.

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TRPV2 (Vanilloid 2)

A type of ion channel that is activated by very high temperatures and is not affected by capsaicin. It is activated by candlelight.

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Pruritus (Itch)

An unpleasant sensory experience confined to the skin, ocular conjunctiva, and mucosa, characterized by a desire to scratch.

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Pruritogen

The stimulus that activates pruritic receptors, triggering the sensation of itch.

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Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus Pathway

A pathway that carries information about vibration and position sense from the body to the brain.

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Anterolateral Pathways

A pathway that carries information about pain, temperature, and crude touch from the body to the brain.

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Somatosensory System

The somatosensory system is responsible for processing sensory information from the body, including touch, temperature, pain, and pressure.

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Endogenous opioid peptides

Natural painkillers produced within the body. They bind to opioid receptors, primarily in the brain and spinal cord, to reduce pain.

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Opioid receptors

Receptors that bind to opioid peptides, triggering pain reduction.

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Endorphins

A type of opioid peptide that binds preferentially to mu receptors.

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Enkephalins

A type of opioid peptide that binds preferentially to delta receptors.

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Dynorphins

A type of opioid peptide that binds preferentially to kappa receptors.

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Mu (μ) receptors

A type of opioid receptor that is sensitive to endorphins.

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Delta (δ) receptors

A type of opioid receptor that is sensitive to enkephalins.

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Kappa (κ) receptors

A type of opioid receptor that is sensitive to dynorphins.

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Gate-Control Theory of Nociception

A theory explaining how pain signals are modulated in the spinal cord, involving the interaction of different types of nerve fibers and neurotransmitters. It suggests that 'gates' in the spinal cord can be opened or closed to regulate the transmission of pain signals to the brain.

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Leu-enkephalin

A small, naturally occurring peptide that acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain and spinal cord. It's involved in pain modulation and other functions like mood regulation and learning.

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δ (delta) Receptor

The type of opioid receptor that Leu-enkephalin binds to.

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Prodynorphin

A precursor protein that is cleaved to release the small opioid peptide Dynorphin.

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Pro-orphanin FQ

A precursor protein for the opioid peptide Orphanin FQ.

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Orphanin FQ

An opioid peptide that binds to the orphan receptor, modulating pain.

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Nociception

The process by which pain signals are received, transmitted, and interpreted by the nervous system.

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Dorsal Horn

One of the major regions of the spinal cord where nociceptive neurons are located. This area is responsible for processing and relaying pain signals to the brain.

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Nociception-Specific neurons

Nociceptive neurons located in the dorsal horn that are specifically responsive to pain signals.

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Referred Pain

The 'referred pain' phenomenon occurs when pain perceived from one location in the body is actually originating from an internal organ.

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Ascending Pathways of Nociception

A group of ascending pathways that carry pain signals up from the spinal cord to higher brain centers.

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Spinothalamic Tract

One of the major ascending pathways for nociception, carrying pain signals to the thalamus (a brain structure important for processing sensory information).

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Anterolateral System

A group of neural pathways that transmit a wide range of sensory information, including pain, to the brain.

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Study Notes

Somatosensory System: Receptors and Pathways

  • The somatosensory system integrates sensory information from the body (skin, muscles, joints) and transmits it to the brain. It includes receptors for touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception.
  • Primary sensory neurons, located in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), receive signals from receptors and transmit them to the spinal cord or brainstem.
  • Sensory fibers are classified by size and conduction velocity.
    • Larger diameter fibers (e.g., Aα) have faster conduction velocities, transmitting signals rapidly.
    • Smaller diameter fibers (e.g., C fibers) have slower conduction velocities, transmitting less urgent signals.
  • Peripheral nerves have multiple layers of connective tissue—endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium—surrounding individual nerve fibers, fascicles, and groups of fascicles respectively.

Mechanoreceptors

  • Mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical stimuli like pressure, stretch, and vibration.
  • Examples of mechanoreceptors include:
    • Meissner corpuscles (rapidly adapting, superficial): detect light touch and flutter.
    • Merkel cells (slowly adapting, superficial): detect sustained touch and pressure.
    • Pacinian corpuscles (rapidly adapting, deep): detect vibration and deep pressure.
    • Ruffini endings (slowly adapting, deep): detect skin stretch and sustained pressure.

Thermal Receptors

  • Thermal receptors respond to temperature changes.
  • Receptors for cold and warm sensations exist.

Nociceptors

  • Nociceptors respond to noxious stimuli (pain).
  • They are classified as thermal, mechanical, or polymodal.

Pain Pathways

  • Pain signals are transmitted to the brain via the spinothalamic and spinoreticular tracts.
  • The gate-control theory proposes that activation of non-nociceptive fibers (e.g., touch fibers, Aβ) can modulate pain signals.

Proprioceptors

  • Proprioceptors detect the position and movement of the body.
    • Muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs are examples of proprioceptors.

Somatosensory Cortex

  • The somatosensory cortex (S1), located in the parietal lobe, receives and processes somatosensory information.
  • It receives input from the thalamus.
  • Parts of the body are mapped onto specific areas of the cortex.
  • Lesions in the parietal lobe can affect both sensory and motor function.

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Description

Test your knowledge about the structure and function of nerve tissues. This quiz covers essential topics, including connective tissue layers surrounding nerve fibers, types of neurons in the dorsal root ganglia, and the properties of somatosensory receptors. Challenge yourself with questions on nerve fiber activation and sensory neuron functions.

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