Anatomy of Microbial and Eukaryotic Genomes

Smaller than eukaryotic genomes, measured in nucleotide pairs of DNA per haploid genome.

Larger than prokaryotic genomes; contains significantly more non-coding DNA.

DNA in a genome that does not code for proteins or any functional molecules.

Closely related organisms can have different DNA quantities, despite similar gene numbers.

A single copy of an organism's genome.

Two copies of an organism's genome.

Non-coding DNA regions that are not transcribed (copied into RNA).

Segment of DNA that regulates gene transcription by providing binding sites, found ahead of a gene.

Prokaryotic genes are typically shorter than eukaryotic genes, about two-thirds the length, even after removing introns from eukaryotic genes.

Prokaryotic genes generally do not contain introns, unlike eukaryotic genes. Exceptions occur in some archaea.

Prokaryotic genomes have fewer repetitive sequences compared to eukaryotic genomes, unlike eukaryotic genomes which have significant high-copy-number repeats.

A short transposable element, often found in bacterial genomes, that can move from one place to another.

A plasmid that provides bacteria with antibiotic resistance.

A plasmid that allows bacteria to transfer DNA.

A plasmid that produces toxins to kill other bacteria.

The genetic material (DNA) of a prokaryotic organism, including both the main chromosome and any plasmids.

The main, usually circular DNA molecule in a bacterium's cell.

A small, often circular, DNA molecule that exists independently of the main bacterial chromosome.

When a plasmid's DNA becomes a part of the bacteria's main chromosome.

A chromosome shaped like a line, rather than a circle.

The simplified view of genetic material in prokaryotes based on E. coli studies.

Genes that reside on plasmids, often related to essential cell characteristics like antibiotic resistance.

The Vibrio genome, a relatively small genome, likely contains a 'megaplasmid', a large plasmid acquired during evolution.

The Deinococcus radiodurans R1 genome uses two circular chromosomes and two plasmids to organize its genetic material, containing genes critical for radiation resistance.

The Borrelia burgdorferi genome is more complex than Vibrio or Deinococcus, with a linear chromosome and numerous linear and circular plasmids that contribute additional genes.

Different prokaryotic species exhibit diverse genome organizations, with variations in the number and type of DNA molecules (circular or linear chromosomes and plasmids).

The total amount of DNA in an organism's genome is typically measured in millions of base pairs (Mb).

The number of genes varies significantly among different prokaryotic species and depends on the genome's complexity and organization.

Large plasmid with a significant portion of an organisms' genetic material.

The Borrelia genome is composed of multiple DNA molecules (plasmids), which is unlike the typical single circular DNA molecule found in some prokaryotes.

Prokaryotes (bacteria) generally have a simpler DNA packaging system compared to eukaryotes, while archaea use histone-like proteins similar to eukaryotes.

This bacterium's genome is a single circular DNA molecule.

Archaea use histone-like proteins for DNA packaging, unlike bacteria, which use different proteins.

Bacteria use proteins like HU, while archaea use proteins more similar to eukaryotic histones.

A genome composed of multiple DNA molecules or segments, more akin to eukaryotic genomes.

The physical organization of DNA within a prokaryotic cell; less structured than a eukaryotic nucleus.

DNA is organized into chromosomes within the nucleus, tightly wound around proteins called histones.

The complete set of genetic material in a prokaryotic cell; typically a single circular chromosome.