assessment joints (cz)

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Questions and Answers

What type of joint is the temporomandibular joint classified as?

  • Composite joint (correct)
  • Simple joint
  • Complex joint
  • Compound joint

Which ligament is present in the atlanto-occipital joint?

  • Ligamentum laterale (correct)
  • Ligamentum caudale
  • Ligamentum atlantoaxiale ventrale
  • Ligamentum transversum atlantis

What are the bones forming the atlanto-axial joint?

  • First and second vertebrae (correct)
  • Occipital bone and first vertebra
  • Adjacent vertebrae
  • Condylar process of the mandible and squamous part of the skull

Which characteristic is true about the articulations between adjacent vertebrae?

<p>They act as shock absorbers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a difference in ligaments between large and small animals regarding the temporomandibular joint?

<p>Large animals have two ligaments while small animals have one (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament is associated only with ruminants and horses in the atlanto-axial joint?

<p>Ventral aspect ligamentum atlantoaxiale ventrale (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the discus intervertebrae in the vertebral column?

<p>Act as shock absorbers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ligaments is part of the tarsal joint?

<p>Ligamentum collaterale laterale longum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is the tarsomenatarsal joint classified as?

<p>Cochlear joint (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which zone of articular cartilage has chondrocytes arranged in short columns perpendicular to the free surface?

<p>Deep (radial) zone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant histological feature of the superficial (tangential) zone of articular cartilage?

<p>Elongated and flattened chondrocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following joints is classified as a cochlear joint in the ankle region?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the nuchal ligament in large animals?

<p>It supports the weight of the head. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which species lack the nuchal ligament due to a short neck and strong muscles?

<p>Both B and C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ligament connects the vertebrae to the head of the rib?

<p>Ligamentum capitis costae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the shoulder joint in large animals from that in carnivores?

<p>Presence of only one ligament (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the types of articulations found between the thoracic vertebrae and the ribs?

<p>None of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament connects the collum costae to the thoracic vertebrae?

<p>Costaetransverse ligament (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of the nuchal ligament in species with a long neck?

<p>Two parts: funiculus nuchae and lamina nuchae (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bone(s) form the shoulder joint in birds?

<p>Scapula and humerus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nuchal ligament has a rope-like appearance?

<p>Funiculus nuchae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is the elbow joint classified as?

<p>Composite joint (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament is specifically associated with the radius and ulna in carnivores?

<p>Ligamentum anulare radii (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligaments are found in the proximal interphalangeal joint?

<p>Ligamentum collaterale (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a species difference seen in the elbow joint of large animals?

<p>Membrane interossea antebrachii (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main ligament that connects the radius and ulna together in carnivores?

<p>Ligamentum anulare radii (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is the carpal joint classified as?

<p>Composite joint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligaments are found between the carpal bones?

<p>Ligamentum intercarpale dorsalia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bones form the metacarpophalangeal joint?

<p>Metacarpal bone, proximal phalanx, sesamoid bone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is the metacarpophalangeal joint considered to be?

<p>Composite joint (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference seen in the phalangeal joints of ruminants compared to carnivores?

<p>Presence of interdigitate ligaments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of joints does the distal interphalangeal joint consist of?

<p>Uniaxial, composite, saddle joint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligaments are present in the sacroiliac joint of large animals?

<p>Lig.sacroiliac dorsale breve, lig.sacroiliacum dorsale longum, and lig.sacrotuberale latum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the bones involved in the hip joint?

<p>Hip bone and femur (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of joint classification does the stifle joint fall under?

<p>Hinge and condylar joint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligaments are categorized as cranial aspect ligaments of the stifle joint?

<p>Femorotibial and patellar ligaments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which animals are identified to have only one patellar ligament?

<p>Carnivores, pigs, and small ruminants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament is not present in the sacroiliac joint of carnivores?

<p>Lig.sacroiliacum dorsale longum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligaments are the lateral aspect ligaments in the stifle joint?

<p>Lig.femoropatellare laterale and mediale (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the lig.capitis ossis femoris in the hip joint?

<p>Connects the acetabulum and femur (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing characteristic of the calcified zone of articular cartilage?

<p>It is separated from the deep zone by the tidemark. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which types of joints do not include the characteristics of cochlear joints?

<p>Tarsocrural joint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary feature of the superficial (tangential) zone of articular cartilage?

<p>Is the most pressure-resistant region adjacent to the articular surface. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the intertarsal joints, which region specifically involves the central tarsal bones?

<p>Distal intertarsal joint (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the intermediate (transitional) zone of articular cartilage?

<p>Houses a homogenous matrix with oblique collagen arrangement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature distinguishes the atlanto-occipital joint from the atlanto-axial joint?

<p>It is classified as a simple joint. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the ligaments associated with the atlanto-axial joint?

<p>Ruminants possess a unique ventral ligament not found in other species. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic applies to the connective structures between adjacent vertebrae?

<p>They are cushioned by intervertebral discs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the temporomandibular joint in large animals from those in small animals?

<p>Large animals have a composite joint with an articular disk. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament is not found in small animals concerning the temporomandibular joint?

<p>Ligamentum caudale (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligaments comprise the long ligaments of the vertebral column?

<p>First ligament on the spinal process and dorsal longitudinal ligament (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable difference in ligament presence between dogs and pigs compared to other animals?

<p>Dogs and pigs possess a ligamentum transversum atlantis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What classification is given to the hip joint?

<p>Multiaxial joint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament is specifically found in large animals but absent in carnivores in the sacroiliac joint?

<p>Lig.sacroiliacum dorsale longum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the bones that form the stifle joint?

<p>Femus, tibia, fibula, and patella (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the types of the sacroiliac joint?

<p>Simple joint, tight joint (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In carnivores, how many patellar ligaments are typically present in the stifle joint?

<p>One (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ligaments is NOT a part of the lateral aspect ligaments of the stifle joint?

<p>Lig.cruciatum craniale (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is formed by the distal interphalangeal joint?

<p>Uniaxial joint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the lig.capitis ossis femoris in the hip joint?

<p>Stabilizes the femoral head (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament is categorized under the caudal aspect of the stifle joint?

<p>Lig.meniscofemorale (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In birds, what is a unique feature of the hip joint compared to mammals?

<p>Different bone structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the nuchal ligament in large animals?

<p>Supporting the weight of the head (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament is absent in species with a short neck and strong muscles, such as pigs and cats?

<p>Nuchal ligament (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligaments are primarily associated with the costovertebral articulations?

<p>Ligamentum capitis costae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In carnivores, which of the following ligaments is present in the shoulder joint?

<p>Ligamentum coracohumarale (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the shoulder joint in birds from that in mammals?

<p>Designated name for the joint (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the nuchal ligament has a flat structure?

<p>Lamina nuchae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the ligamentum intercapitale in relation to the ribs?

<p>Connects left and right ribs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is formed by the junction of the vertebrae and the head of the rib?

<p>Articularis capitis costae (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the ligamentum tuberculum in the thoracic spine?

<p>Connects vertebrae and the tubercle of the rib (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the type of joint classification for the elbow joint?

<p>Uniaxial joint (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligaments are primarily associated with the proximal radioulnar articulation in carnivores?

<p>Ligamentum olecrani and ligamentum anulare radii (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament is specifically found between the radius and ulna in large animals?

<p>Membrane interossea antebrachii (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes the type of joint found in the carpal joint?

<p>Compound joint (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure provides the primary stability in the proximal interphalangeal joint?

<p>Ligamentum collaterale (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is the metacarpophalangeal joint categorized as?

<p>Uniaxial joint (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament is specifically present in carnivores' phalangeal joints?

<p>Ligg.dorsalia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament primarily connects the sesamoid bone to the metacarpal bone?

<p>Lig.sesamoideum collaterale (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What additional joint does the proximal radioulnar articulation have in carnivores?

<p>Articulatio radioulnaris proximallis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is involved in the gliding motion of the carpal joint?

<p>Ligamentum intercarpea dorsalia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)

A composite joint between the skull and mandible, including an articular disk.

Atlanto-occipital Joint

A simple joint between the skull and the first vertebra.

Atlanto-axial Joint

A simple joint between the first and second vertebrae, with ligaments inside the canal and on dorsal/ventral aspects.

Vertebral Interbody Joint

Cartilaginous joints between vertebrae, using intervertebral discs for shock absorption.

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Longitudinal Ligaments of Vertebral Column

Long ligaments running along the spine, including the dorsal and ventral longitudinal ligaments.

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Ligamentum Laterale (TMJ)

TMJ Ligament found in small animals like dogs and pigs.

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Simple vs. Composite Joints

Simple joints have two surfaces whereas composite have more than two.

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Nuchal Ligament Structure

The nuchal ligament has two parts: a rope-like funiculus nuchae and a flat lamina nuchae. It extends from the skull to the thoracic vertebrae.

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Nuchal Ligament Function

Supports the animal's head, reducing strain on neck muscles, especially when the head is held high.

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Nuchal Ligament Species Differences

Large animals typically have a complete nuchal ligament, while small animals like pigs and cats lack it due to short necks and strong muscles; dogs have only a funiculus.

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Costo-vertebral Articulation

Joints between ribs and thoracic vertebrae composed of two parts: articularis capitis costae (head of rib) and costotransverse articulation(tubercle of rib).

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Costo-vertebral Ligaments

Ligaments supporting costo-vertebral articulation. Includes ligamentum capitis costae, costotransverse ligament, and ligamentum tuberculum.Intercapitale connects ribs.

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Shoulder Joint (Articulatio Humeri) Bones

The shoulder joint is formed by the scapula and humerus bones forming the shoulder joint.

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Shoulder Joint Types

A multiaxial joint.

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Shoulder Joint Ligaments (large animals)

Large animals typically have only the coracohumeral ligament.

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Shoulder Joint Ligaments (carnivores)

Carnivores have additional glenohumeral ligaments (medial and lateral).

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Distal Interphalangeal Joint (DIP)

A uniaxial, composite, saddle joint formed by the middle and distal phalanges, as well as a sesamoid bone.

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Sacroiliac Joint (SI)

A simple, plane, tight joint connecting the sacrum and the hip bone, with limited movement.

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Hip Joint (Coxa)

A simple, multiaxial joint between the hip bone (acetabulum) and the femur.

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Stifle Joint (Genus)

A hinge, condylar, sledge joint between the femur, tibia, fibula, and patella.

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Meniscus Ligaments

Ligaments within the stifle joint, located between the femur and tibia/fibula, providing cushioning and stability.

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Femorotibial Ligaments

Ligaments connecting the femur and tibia, crucial for knee stability.

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Femoropatellar Ligaments

Ligaments connecting the femur to the patella, supporting the knee cap.

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Patellar Ligament

A strong ligament connecting the patella to the tibia, essential for knee extension.

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Collateral Ligaments (Stifle)

Ligaments stabilizing the knee joint, located on either side.

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Cruciate Ligaments (Stifle)

Ligaments within the stifle joint, crossing each other like an 'X' , crucial for rotational stability.

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Elbow Joint

A composite joint formed by the humerus, radius, and ulna. It's uniaxial, meaning it allows movement in one plane.

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Elbow Joint Ligaments

The elbow joint has two collateral ligaments: ligamentum collaterale laterale (lateral) and ligamentum collaterale mediale (medial).

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Elbow Joint Species Differences

Large animals have a membrane interossea antebrachii between the radius and ulna. Carnivores have an elastic ligament called ligamentum olecrani.

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Proximal Radioulnar Joint

A synovial joint between the radius and ulna in carnivores, allowing limited movement.

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Ligamentum Anulare Radii

This ligament in carnivores surrounds the head of the radius, keeping it connected to the ulna.

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Carpal Joint

A composite, hinge, and uniaxial joint formed by the radius, ulna, carpal bones, and metacarpal bone.

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Tarsocrural Joint

A joint connecting the tibia and fibula to the proximal row of metatarsal bones. It's a cochlear joint, meaning it allows movement in a hinge-like manner.

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Carpal Joint Ligaments

Carpal joint ligaments include collateral ligaments, ligaments between carpal bones, and ligaments between carpal and metacarpal bones.

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Metacarpophalangeal Joint

A composite, hinge joint formed by the metacarpal bone, proximal phalanx, and sesamoid bone.

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Proximal Intertarsal Joint

A joint connecting the proximal tarsal bones to the central row of tarsal bones. It's a cochlear joint, allowing hinge-like movement.

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Distal Intertarsal Joint

A joint connecting the central row of tarsal bones to the distal tarsal bones. It's a cochlear joint, allowing hinge-like movement.

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Metacarpophalangeal Ligaments

Ligaments in this joint include collateral ligaments and those between the sesamoid bone and metacarpal bone.

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Tarsometatarsal Joint

A joint connecting the distal tarsal bones to the proximal metatarsal bones. It's a cochlear joint, allowing hinge-like movement.

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Proximal Interphalangeal Joint

A uniaxial, saddle joint formed by the proximal and middle phalanges.

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Elbow Joint (Articulatio Cubiti)

A composite joint formed by the humerus, radius, and ulna. It allows movement in one plane, making it a uniaxial joint.

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Carpal Joint (Articulatio Carpi)

A composite hinge joint formed by the radius, ulna, carpal bones, and metacarpal bone. It's uniaxial, meaning it allows movement in one plane.

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Nuchal Ligament

A strong ligament in the neck that helps support the head, particularly when it is held high. It has two parts: funiculus nuchae (rope-like) and lamina nuchae (flat).

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Nuchal Ligament in Dogs

Dogs only have the funiculus nuchae part of the nuchal ligament. It starts at the second vertebra (axis).

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Shoulder Joint (Articulatio Humeri)

The shoulder joint connects the scapula and humerus bones. It's a multiaxial joint, meaning it allows for a wide range of movements.

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Shoulder Joint in Birds

Birds have a unique shoulder joint called articulatio coraco-scapulo humeralis.

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Types of Joints

Joints can be categorized into two main types: simple and composite. Simple joints involve only two articulating surfaces, while composite joints involve more than two surfaces.

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Articular Cartilage

A specialized type of hyaline cartilage covering articular surfaces of movable joints, providing smooth gliding and shock absorption.

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Superficial Zone of Articular Cartilage

The outermost layer of articular cartilage, resistant to pressure and containing flattened chondrocytes arranged parallel to the surface.

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Synovial Joint Components

Synovial joints consist of articular cartilage, synovial membrane, joint cavity, and ligaments.

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Study Notes

Assessment of Joints, Anatomy and Histology

  • Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ): Formed by the skull's squamous part and the mandible's condylar process. A composite joint with an articular disc between the bones. Small animals have one ligament (ligamentum laterale), while large animals have two (ligamentum laterale and ligamentum caudale).

Atlanto-occipital Joint

  • Bones: Occipital bone and the first cervical vertebra (atlas).
  • Type: Simple joint.
  • Ligaments: Ligamentum laterale, dorsal and ventral atlanto-occipital membranes.

Atlanto-axial Joint

  • Bones: First and second cervical vertebrae (atlas and axis).
  • Type: Simple joint.
  • Ligaments: Longitudinal ligament, right alar ligament, dorsal and ventral atlanto-axial ligaments. Species differences exist, with some ligaments (e.g., ventral atlanto-axial ligament) only present in certain animals (ruminants, horses).

Articulations Between Adjacent Vertebrae

  • Structure: Cartilages (intervertebral discs) separate vertebral bodies and act as shock absorbers.
  • Longitudinal Ligaments: Three major ligaments run along the vertebral column: one on the spinal processes, another within the spinal canal (dorsal longitudinal ligament), and a third on the ventral aspect.
  • Short Ligaments: Connect adjacent vertebrae, including interspinal, intertransverse, and ligamentum flavum (yellow ligament).

Nuchal Ligament

  • Structure: Two parts: a rope-like funiculus nuchae and a flatter lamina nuchae. Supports the head's weight.
  • Species Differences: Large animals have a complete nuchal ligament. Small animals, like dogs and cats, lack the nuchal ligament or possess a rudimentary version.

Costovertebral Articulations

  • Bones: Thoracic vertebrae and ribs.
  • Joints: Two main junctions: articularis capitis costae (head of rib) and costotransverse articulation (rib tubercle).
  • Ligaments: Interconnecting them include ligamentum capitis costae, costotransverse ligament, ligamentum tuberculum and intercapitale.

Shoulder Joint (Glenohumeral Joint)

  • Bones: Scapula and humerus.
  • Type: Simple, multiaxial joint.
  • Ligaments: Coracohumeral ligament is the main ligament; glenohumeral ligaments (glenohumeral laterare and glenohumeral mediale) also present in carnivores.
  • Species Differences: Species variability exists (e.g., large animals can possess fewer ligaments compared to carnivores).

Elbow Joint (Cubital Joint)

  • Bones: Humerus, radius, and ulna.
  • Type: Composite, uniaxial joint.
  • Ligaments: Collateral ligaments (collaterale laterale and collaterale mediale) provide support.

Carpal Joint

  • Bones: Radius, ulna, and carpal bones.
  • Types: Hinge, composite, uniaxial joint.
  • Ligaments: Ligaments connect carpal bones to each other and to the radius and ulna.

Phalangeal Joints

  • Types: Composite, uniaxial (metacarpophalangeal), hinge joint (proximal and distal interphalangeal). Ligaments aid in stability.

Sacroiliac Joint

  • Bones: Sacrum and ilium (hip bone).
  • Type: Simple, plane joint (limited movement).
  • Ligaments: Ligamentum sacroiliac dorsale breve, ligamentum sacroiliac dorsale longum, and sacrotuberous ligament aid stability

Hip Joint (Coxal Joint)

  • Bones: Pelvis (hip bone) and femur
  • Type: Simple multiaxial ball and socket joint.
  • Ligaments: Ligamentum capitis ossis femoris and transverse acetabular ligament support the joint.

Stifle Joint (Knee Joint)

  • Bones: Femur, tibia, fibula, and patella.
  • Type: Hinge, condylar, and a slightly modified ball and socket joint.
  • Ligaments: Include meniscofemoral, cruciate, and collateral ligaments, along with patellar ligaments for stability.

Tarsal Joint

  • Bones: Tibia, fibula, metatarsal bones.
  • Type: Uniaxial joint
  • Ligaments: Lateral and medial collateral ligaments.

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