Life Science: November Paper 1 Medium
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Questions and Answers

What is the role of roots in the life of a plant?

  • Anchorage to the ground (correct)
  • Reproduction
  • Transpiration
  • Photosynthesis

    • Which layer of the dicotyledonous root features root hairs?

  • Endodermis
  • Stele
  • Cortex
  • Epidermis (correct)

    • What is the main function of the cortex in a dicotyledonous root?

  • Transport of water
  • Storage of nutrients (correct)
  • Production of seeds
  • Photosynthesis

    • Which structure in the cortex of a dicotyledonous root has a water-impermeable barrier?

    <p>Endodermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the root includes the pericycle, phloem, cambium, and xylem?

    <p>Stele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dicotyledonous plants, what type of root system is typically observed?

    <p>Taproot system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the xylem in dicotyledonous plants?

    <p>Transport water and minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the cambium in dicotyledonous plants during secondary growth?

    <p>Increasing girth and producing new vascular tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the stem is located below the epidermis and may include collenchyma cells and parenchyma cells?

    <p>Cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of roots in plants?

    <p>Translocation of water and nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which root system is common in monocotyledons, forming a shallow, mat-like structure?

    <p>Fibrous Root System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a dicotyledonous plant lacks the pericycle, what process might be impacted?

    <p>Secondary growth of vascular tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the pith in dicotyledonous stems?

    <p>Storing nutrients and assisting in substance transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissue in roots provides mechanical support and strength?

    <p>Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does secondary growth in dicotyledonous plants lead to?

    <p>Development of wood and bark</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique role do some modified roots like those of carrots play?

    <p>Reproduction and generation of new plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of xylem in plants?

    <p>Facilitating the upward transport of water and mineral salts from the roots to other plant parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the dicotyledonous root features the Casparian strip regulating water flow?

    <p>Endodermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does transpiration play in plant physiology?

    <p>Regulating plant temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon facilitates the transpirational pull of water in plants?

    <p>Capillary action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants distinguished?

    <p>By their stem anatomy and growth patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What category do plants fall into if they have multiple woody stems growing from the base?

    <p>Shrubs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of stems in plants?

    <p>Storing nutrients and water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does stem development begin in monocotyledonous plants?

    <p>Starting with the coleorhiza and then the radicle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissues in dicotyledonous stems provide structural integrity and resilience?

    <p>Support and strength tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the critical primary function of the epidermis in dicotyledonous stems?

    <p>Facilitate gas exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cuticle on plant leaves?

    <p>To minimize water loss by evaporation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure plays a crucial role in the absorption of water and minerals from the soil?

    <p>Root hairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cork cambium in plants?

    <p>To produce cork cells that form the bark</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In plants, what is the primary function of the pericycle?

    <p>To strengthen the stem and protect vascular tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway involves the movement of water through the cytoplasm of cells interconnected by plasmodesmata?

    <p>Symplast pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Casparian strip do in the root?

    <p>Acts as a barrier to force water to pass through cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the movement of water up through the xylem towards the leaves?

    <p>Root pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the plant primarily moves water and minerals up from the roots?

    <p>Xylem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of root hairs on plant roots?

    <p>To aid in the absorption of water and minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the stomata primarily located in plants?

    <p>On the surface of plant leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do endoskeletons offer less protection from external threats compared to exoskeletons?

    <p>They are composed of living tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the vertebral column in the human skeletal system?

    <p>Encasing the spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of bones provides protection for internal organs and a broad surface for muscle attachment?

    <p>Flat Bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the axial skeleton differ from the appendicular skeleton in humans?

    <p>Axial skeleton supports limb movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bones are crucial for large movements and act as levers in the human body?

    <p>Long Bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are endoskeletons advantageous for supporting large body sizes?

    <p>They allow continuous growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one crucial function of the pelvic girdle in the human skeletal system?

    <p>Supporting the lower limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the human endoskeleton overcome the limitation of moulting for growth?

    <p>By being composed of living tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one disadvantage of endoskeletons as highlighted in the text?

    <p>Susceptibility to diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do flat bones primarily protect internal organs in the human body?

    <p>By providing a broad surface for muscle attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of bones in the musculoskeletal system?

    <p>Serving as attachment points for muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is cartilage distinguished from other tissues?

    <p>It contains blood vessels and nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of joint allows free movement in various directions?

    <p>Synovial joints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do tendons connect in the musculoskeletal system?

    <p>Bones to muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of ligaments in the musculoskeletal system?

    <p>Connecting bones to other bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do muscles operate in pairs known as antagonistic pairs?

    <p>To control movement by contracting and relaxing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What explains how various musculoskeletal structures work together to enable motion?

    <p>Structural Connectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is crucial for providing structure to the body and facilitating movement?

    <p>Musculoskeletal System</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do bones facilitate locomotion in the body?

    <p>By providing structural framework and support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the musculoskeletal system, what do joints primarily help connect?

    <p>Bones to muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why organisms with hydrostatic skeletons must reside in moist or aquatic environments?

    <p>To prevent dehydration of the hydrostatic cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which advantage of hydrostatic skeletons enables organisms like jellyfish to adapt their shape to environmental conditions?

    <p>Flexibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do larger organisms with exoskeletons face challenges related to growth?

    <p>Growth Limitation due to the need for moulting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature of exoskeletons allows for a variety of physical adaptations in arthropods?

    <p>Diversity in Physical Adaptations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do hydrostatic skeletons require less energy for movement compared to other skeletal structures?

    <p>Energy Efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way do exoskeletons hinder the agility of organisms possessing them?

    <p>Weight Constraints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of hydrostatic skeletons provides faster recovery after sustaining damage?

    <p>Rapid Healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of skeletal structure requires moulting for accommodating growth, posing a challenge during that period?

    <p>Exoskeletons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do exoskeletons aid in the movement of arthropods?

    <p>Support for Muscular Attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique feature of hydrostatic skeletons contributes to their adaptability for movement through narrow spaces?

    <p>Flexibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of ligaments in joints?

    <p>Connect bones within joints for stability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do tendons contribute to muscle function?

    <p>Connect muscles to bones for movement precision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of antagonistic muscles in joint movement?

    <p>Work together in coordinated action for movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hierarchical order from basic units to an entire muscle in the structure of skeletal muscle?

    <p>Myofibrils &gt; Muscle Fibers &gt; Fascicles &gt; Muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cartilage at joints?

    <p>Facilitate smooth bone articulation during movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the major component of synovial joints that aids in movement?

    <p>Synovial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the muscle contains sarcomeres, the units responsible for contraction?

    <p>Myofibrils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of perimysium in muscle structure?

    <p>Connect muscle fibers into fascicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do actin and myosin filaments contribute to muscle contraction?

    <p>Actin filaments shorten, and myosin filaments slide over them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes skeletal muscle from other muscle types in terms of voluntary control?

    <p>Skeletal muscles are consciously controlled</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the dicotyledonous root has a water-impermeable barrier?

    <p>Endodermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cortex in dicotyledonous roots?

    <p>Nutrient storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dicotyledonous plants, which structure is responsible for the movement of water towards the inner layers of the root?

    <p>Cortex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following plant parts is involved in absorption of water and minerals?

    <p>Root hairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of root system is commonly observed in dicotyledonous plants?

    <p>Taproot system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the dicotyledonous root includes the pericycle and vascular tissues?

    <p>Stele (Vascular Cylinder)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which musculoskeletal tissue does not contain blood vessels or nerves?

    <p>Cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of synovial joints in the musculoskeletal system?

    <p>Provide flexibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the musculoskeletal system connects bones to other bones?

    <p>Ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the microscopic structure found in bones that is crucial for nutrient and waste transport?

    <p>Canaliculi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Joints categorized as fibrous permit which type of movement?

    <p>No movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which musculoskeletal component plays a crucial role in distributing mechanical loads efficiently to avoid excessive stress?

    <p>Bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are tendons primarily responsible for in the musculoskeletal system?

    <p>Connecting muscles to bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the musculoskeletal system provides support and flexibility at joints?

    <p>Cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the musculoskeletal system, what do ligaments connect bones to?

    <p>Other bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes synovial joints from fibrous joints?

    <p>Range of motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the Pericycle in a plant stem?

    <p>Strengthening the stem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a plant, what is the function of the Vascular Cambium?

    <p>Facilitating radial growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Cork Cambium in perennial plants?

    <p>Forming bark for protection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway allows water to move across cell walls and spaces without crossing cell membranes?

    <p>Apoplast Pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the Casparian strip in the endodermis of roots?

    <p>Blocking the Apoplast pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is responsible for pushing water from the roots up through the xylem in plants?

    <p>Root Pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of root hairs in a plant's root system?

    <p>Increasing surface area for water uptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Cuticle in plant leaves?

    <p>Reducing water loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the Cortex important in plant stems?

    <p>Mainly composed of cells for storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Pericycle in the stem of a plant?

    <p>Strengthening the stem and protecting vascular tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the endodermis in dicotyledonous plant roots?

    <p>Regulating water flow to the xylem and phloem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer in dicotyledonous roots contributes to lateral root growth and structural integrity?

    <p>Pericycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the cambium in dicotyledonous stems?

    <p>Producing new xylem and phloem tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the exodermis in dicotyledonous plant roots?

    <p>Providing structural integrity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which critical process is facilitated by transpiration in plants?

    <p>Cooling and regulation of plant temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the pericycle in dicotyledonous roots essential for root structure and function?

    <p>Assists in lateral root growth and structural integrity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the exodermis in dicotyledonous root structure?

    <p>Providing shape, protection, and strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissue layer in dicotyledonous plants regulates the movement of water to the xylem and phloem?

    <p>Pericycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the cambium in dicotyledonous plant stems?

    <p>Producing new xylem and phloem tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the epidermis an important layer in dicotyledonous stems?

    <p>Maintains water balance in the plant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the vertebral column in humans?

    <p>Protecting the spinal cord and providing structural integrity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are long bones such as the femur important for large movements in the human body?

    <p>To provide flexibility and support as levers for movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bones provide protection for internal organs and a broad surface for muscle attachment in the human skeleton?

    <p>Flat bones like the sternum and scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the human body, what is the primary function of the pelvic girdle?

    <p>Supporting the lower limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the rib cage considered important in the human body?

    <p>To protect essential organs like the heart and lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the human skeleton forms the central axis of the body and is essential for protecting vital internal organs?

    <p>Axial Skeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the cervical vertebrae primarily contribute to in the human body?

    <p>Forming the neck region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of bones are carpals in the wrist and tarsals in the ankles, providing stability and supporting slight movements?

    <p>Short Bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do flat bones like the scapula and sternum primarily contribute to the human skeleton?

    <p>Protecting internal organs and providing muscle attachment surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of bones, such as vertebrae and mandible, features complex shapes with specific functions in the human body?

    <p>Irregular Bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the epidermis in the stem of dicotyledonous plants?

    <p>Prevents water loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What connects muscles to bones in the human body?

    <p>Tendons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the pericycle in the stem's vascular cylinder of dicotyledonous plants?

    <p>Contributes to secondary vascular tissue formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissue in the stem helps in the transport of substances across dicotyledonous plants?

    <p>Pith</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ligaments in the musculoskeletal system?

    <p>Prevent excessive joint movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of root system is common in monocotyledonous plants?

    <p>Fibrous root system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In skeletal muscle, what is the basic unit that is responsible for muscle contraction?

    <p>Myofibrils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle is consciously controlled to perform various actions like running?

    <p>Skeletal muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does secondary growth in dicotyledonous plants primarily affect the stem?

    <p>Leads to the formation of wood and bark</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which critical function do roots serve in dicotyledonous plants during adverse conditions?

    <p>Nutrient storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do antagonistic muscles play in moving bones at joints?

    <p>Both muscles contract simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which connective tissue forms the joint capsule and helps connect and protect bones within a joint?

    <p>Cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What tissue in roots provides mechanical support and strength?

    <p>Sclerenchyma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During muscle contraction, which protein filaments slide over each other to shorten the sarcomere?

    <p>Actin and myosin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the stem plays a significant role in the transport of water and minerals up from the roots?

    <p>Vascular cylinder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of fascicles in skeletal muscle?

    <p>Group muscle fibers together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dicotyledonous plants, what is the main function of the cambium layer in the stem?

    <p>Produces new phloem and xylem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the origin of root systems in plants?

    <p>Radicle of the plant embryo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissue acts as a cushion to distribute loads evenly across joints, preventing bone damage?

    <p>Cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of synovial fluid in joints?

    <p>Reduce friction for smooth movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of skeleton is characterized by a fluid-filled cavity surrounded by muscles?

    <p>Hydrostatic skeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a disadvantage of hydrostatic skeletons compared to exoskeletons?

    <p>Growth Limitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of environment must organisms with hydrostatic skeletons reside to prevent desiccation?

    <p>Moist or aquatic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What advantage do exoskeletons provide that hydrostatic skeletons lack?

    <p>Protection and support against physical damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of skeleton requires moulting to accommodate growth?

    <p>Exoskeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic allows hydrostatic skeletons to adapt their shape to environmental conditions?

    <p>Flexibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why can exoskeletons support a variety of physical adaptations in arthropods?

    <p>Variety in Physical Adaptations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disadvantage of exoskeletons due to larger size and weight?

    <p>Growth Limitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of hydrostatic skeletons contributes to faster recovery from damage?

    <p>Rapid Healing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are larger exoskeletons challenging for arthropods?

    <p>Weight Constraints</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cell cycle are cellular contents, excluding the chromosomes, duplicated?

    <p>G1 Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase occurs when each chromosome is duplicated by the cell?

    <p>Synthesis Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phase of the cell cycle allows the cell to continue to grow and produce new proteins?

    <p>Prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition of DNA during the G2 Phase of the cell cycle?

    <p>Loosely packed throughout the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the cell cycle prepares the cell for division and concludes with the cell ready to enter mitosis?

    <p>G2 Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phase occurs when the chromosomes only condense into distinct forms during mitosis?

    <p>Prophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is maintaining an effective surface area to volume ratio crucial for a cell?

    <p>To decrease the cell's efficiency in managing material exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Interphase in the cell cycle?

    <p>To prepare for cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of mitosis do chromatids split at the centromere?

    <p>Anaphase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is mitosis typically observed in plants?

    <p>Apical meristem and lateral meristem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes mitosis in plant cells from animal cells?

    <p>Lack of centrosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of mitosis does the cell membrane start to constrict?

    <p>Telophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to chromosomes in Telophase of mitosis?

    <p>They begin to de-condense.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does Mitosis occur in animals for blood cell production?

    <p>Bone marrow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In plant cells, what structure is absent during Mitosis but still leads to spindle formation?

    <p>Centrosomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Mitosis essential for growth, repair, and reproduction across various life forms?

    <p>To maintain tissue integrity and function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cancer primarily emerges from the blood, lymphatic, and immune systems?

    <p>Leukemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What critical characteristic of cancer cells enables them to invade other tissues and spread throughout the body?

    <p>Metastasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scientific field benefits significantly from understanding mitosis for insights into cancer research?

    <p>Developmental biology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase of the cell cycle does a cell plate form at the equator instead of membrane constriction in plant cells?

    <p>Telophase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can trigger the development of cancer by damaging DNA and disrupting cellular regulation?

    <p>Inherited genetic mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about cancer where it is viewed as an inevitable death sentence?

    <p>Fatalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tumor impacts surrounding normal cells by compressing them, depriving them of nutrients, and disrupting their function?

    <p>Malignant tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of cells that disregard growth inhibition signals and continue to multiply, unlike normal cells?

    <p>Unresponsive to growth inhibition signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of bones features complex shapes and specific functions, such as vertebrae and mandible?

    <p>Irregular bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common treatment for cancer that employs radiation to destroy cancer cells?

    <p>Radiotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of dermal tissue in plants?

    <p>Water and transpiration management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are meristematic tissues primarily found in plants?

    <p>Both roots and shoots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tissues in plants undergo continuous division to contribute to plant growth?

    <p>Meristematic tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinguishing characteristic of cells in meristematic tissues?

    <p>High vacuole content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of permanent tissues in plants?

    <p>Physical support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What adaptation helps dermal tissues reduce water loss in plants?

    <p>Presence of cuticle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant tissue category is responsible for plant growth?

    <p>Meristematic tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are lateral meristems typically found in plants?

    <p>Tips of roots and shoots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of meristematic tissue in plant development?

    <p>Cell division for growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the cuticle found in dermal tissues of plants?

    <p>Reduce water loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Schwann cells in nerve tissue?

    <p>Insulate axons and enhance signal transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neurons primarily carry messages from sensory receptors to the CNS?

    <p>Unipolar neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Peripheral Nervous System, which division controls involuntary responses?

    <p>Autonomic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of interneurons in nerve tissue?

    <p>Facilitate communication between sensory and motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nervous system division is responsible for controlling voluntary movements?

    <p>Somatic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the brain in the Central Nervous System?

    <p>Coordinate bodily functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are specialized to transmit nerve impulses in nerve tissue?

    <p>Neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the spinal cord in the Central Nervous System?

    <p>Conduit for signals between the brain and the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerves extend from the brain and spinal cord to other parts of the body in the Peripheral Nervous System?

    <p>Cranial nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of axons in neurons?

    <p>Transmit impulses away</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Parenchyma cells in plants?

    <p>Storage, photosynthesis, and injury repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tissue in plants is characterized by cells with thick lignified walls for rigidity and support?

    <p>Sclerenchyma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Xylem cells from Phloem cells in plants?

    <p>Xylem cells are dead at maturity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of epithelial tissue is specialized in absorption and secretion, and is commonly found in glandular tissues?

    <p>Cuboidal Epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In muscle tissue, which type is primarily responsible for regulating movements like peristalsis and blood flow?

    <p>Smooth Muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of Loose Connective Tissue (Areolar) in the body?

    <p>Cushions and supports organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of connective tissue is responsible for storing fat and providing insulation and energy reserves?

    <p>Adipose Tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do Embryonic Stem Cells play in an organism's development?

    <p>Contributing to the formation of specialized tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle tissue is voluntary and moves bones and other structures?

    <p>Skeletal Muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Adult Stem Cells in organisms?

    <p>Replacing old and damaged cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of interphase in the cell cycle?

    <p>Preparing for division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which sub-phase of interphase are cellular contents, excluding the chromosomes, duplicated?

    <p>G1 Phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during the S Phase (Synthesis Phase) in interphase?

    <p>Chromosome duplication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do chromosomes only condense into more distinct forms during the prophase of mitosis?

    <p>To ensure proper cell division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is crucial in determining when a cell will divide?

    <p>Surface area to volume ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does interphase allow the cell to do before entering mitosis?

    <p>Grow and produce new proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to a cell as it grows in relation to its surface area and volume?

    <p>Volume increases faster than surface area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does a cell become inefficient at managing material exchange with its environment?

    <p>Decreased surface area to volume ratio.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of interphase in the cell cycle?

    <p>DNA replication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase do chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell?

    <p>Anaphase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is mitotic activity most prominent in animal cells for processes like blood cell production?

    <p>Basal layers of the skin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes mitosis in plant cells from animal cells concerning the spindle apparatus?

    <p>Absence of centrioles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key process initiates during Telophase of mitosis in animal cells?

    <p>Cell Division Begins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase do chromosomes align at the equator of the cell in both animal and plant cells?

    <p>Metaphase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of mitosis in multicellular organisms?

    <p>Growth and repair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is mitosis primarily observed in plants for growth and development?

    <p>Meristem regions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main characteristics of cancer cells mentioned in the text?

    <p>Metastasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cancer originates in connective tissues such as bone, cartilage, and muscle?

    <p>Sarcomas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of chemotherapy in cancer treatment?

    <p>Kill cancer cells by targeting rapid division</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant difference in mitosis between plant and animal cells?

    <p>Cytokinesis mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the musculoskeletal system is particularly affected by chemotherapy?

    <p>Muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of meristematic tissue in plants?

    <p>To continually divide and contribute to plant growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cancer significantly impacts the blood, lymphatic, and immune systems?

    <p>Leukemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of cancer cells regarding growth inhibition signals?

    <p>Continuous division despite signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do plant dermal tissues have a waxy layer called the cuticle?

    <p>To protect the plant from external factors and reduce water loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the epidermal layer in plant tissues?

    <p>To protect the plant from external factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a major concern regarding cancer based on the text?

    <p>Normal tissue compression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cancer cells differ from normal cells in response to biochemical signals?

    <p>Cancer cells ignore certain signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissue plays a role in plant growth by contributing to thickness growth?

    <p>Meristematic tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature that distinguishes carcinomas from other types of cancer in the text?

    <p>Arising in epithelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do plant root hairs and trichomes increase the surface area?

    <p>To enhance water and nutrient absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates meristematic tissues from permanent tissues in plants?

    <p>Meristematic tissues do not generally divide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do dermal tissues in plants contribute to reducing water loss?

    <p>By having a waxy layer on aerial parts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of lateral meristems in plants?

    <p>To contribute to thickness growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are root hairs essential for plant survival?

    <p>To enhance water and mineral absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process do root hairs primarily facilitate in plants?

    <p>Nutrient absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of connective tissue?

    <p>Supporting, binding, and protecting other tissues and organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes cardiac muscle from skeletal muscle?

    <p>Function in supporting blood circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of xylem cells?

    <p>Thick lignified walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of epithelial tissue in the body?

    <p>Serving as a protective layer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates smooth muscle from cardiac muscle?

    <p>Location in hollow organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of sclerenchyma in plants?

    <p>Provision of rigidity and strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinguishing feature of skeletal muscle?

    <p>Striations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tissue is responsible for storing fat and providing insulation in the body?

    <p>Adipose tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are parenchymal cells important in plants?

    <p>For storage, photosynthesis, and injury repair</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of phloem in a plant?

    <p>Transporting photosynthetic products</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of unipolar neurons?

    <p>Carry messages from sensory receptors to the CNS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nervous system division controls involuntary responses?

    <p>Autonomic nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of dendrites in neurons?

    <p>Receive impulses from other neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Schwann cells contribute to nerve function?

    <p>Insulate axons and enhance signal transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system acts as a conduit for signals between the brain and the body?

    <p>Central nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of axons in neurons?

    <p>Transmit impulses away from the neuron cell body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do sensory neurons differ from motor neurons?

    <p>Sensory neurons transmit sensory information, while motor neurons control muscle movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the brain within the Central Nervous System?

    <p>Interpreting sensory information and coordinating bodily functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do interneurons contribute to the nervous system?

    <p>Facilitate communication between sensory and motor neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron is predominantly involved in transmitting information from sensory receptors to the CNS?

    <p>Unipolar neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the Casparian strip in dicotyledonous roots?

    <p>Prevents uncontrolled water entry into the vascular cylinder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of a dicotyledonous root primarily consists of parenchyma cells?

    <p>Endodermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the cortex of dicotyledonous roots differ from the endodermis?

    <p>Cortex plays a role in nutrient storage while endodermis facilitates movement of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of dicotyledonous plants demonstrates the taproot system?

    <p>Roots</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of root hairs in dicotyledonous root systems?

    <p>Enhance water and mineral absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer in the dicotyledonous root system is responsible for giving rise to lateral roots?

    <p>Stele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the xylem in dicotyledonous plants?

    <p>Transporting water and minerals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissue in plant roots provides mechanical support and strength?

    <p>Collenchyma and Sclerenchyma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the cambium in dicotyledonous plant stems?

    <p>Producing new phloem and xylem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the stem of a dicotyledonous plant is composed of parenchyma cells that help in the transport of substances?

    <p>Pith</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the epidermis in the stem of dicotyledonous plants?

    <p>Preventing water loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the root system of dicotyledonous plants, what structure sometimes contributes to the formation of secondary vascular tissues?

    <p>Pericycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer in dicotyledonous roots regulates water flow to the xylem and phloem?

    <p>Endodermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which primary function is NOT associated with root systems in plants?

    <p>Transporting sugars</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the cambium in dicotyledonous stems primarily produce?

    <p>New xylem and phloem tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the tap root system from the fibrous root system?

    <p>Absence of a main tap root</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the dicotyledonous plant stem contributes to the formation of secondary growth?

    <p>Cambium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is vital for the transpirational pull in plants?

    <p>Capillary action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the pith in a dicotyledonous plant's stem?

    <p>Storing nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dicotyledonous stems, what contributes to structural integrity and resilience?

    <p>Sclerenchyma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common function of plant stems?

    <p>Reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do vines primarily use their stems for?

    <p>Support and climbing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissue located in dicotyledonous stems is essential for the distribution of nutrients and water?

    <p>Vascular bundles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pericycle in dicotyledonous roots?

    <p>Structural integrity and lateral root growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the stem tissue called cambium produce new tissues in dicotyledonous plants?

    <p>Between the xylem and phloem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant growth form is typically under 1 meter in height with multiple woody stems at the base?

    <p>Shrubs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Cortex in stems?

    <p>Stores nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which tissue regulates water and nutrient movement into the vascular bundles in plant stems?

    <p>Endodermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the Vascular Cambium in stem anatomy?

    <p>Facilitates radial growth of tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure develops from the outer cortex and replaces the epidermis to provide additional protection and support in perennial plants?

    <p>Cork Cambium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do annual rings in the cross-section of woody stems indicate?

    <p>Age of the plant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary site for water absorption in plants?

    <p>Root Hairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does water primarily move through the endodermis into the stele of roots?

    <p>Symplast Pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process ensures that all water and dissolved substances reaching the vascular cylinder must pass through a cell membrane in plant roots?

    <p>Casparian strip barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process essential for moving water and minerals from roots to leaves in plants?

    <p>Translocation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism helps push water up through the xylem towards the leaves in plants?

    <p>Root Pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes hydrostatic skeletons from endoskeletons?

    <p>Lack of Rigid Support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which organisms are hydrostatic skeletons typically found?

    <p>Earthworms and Starfish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of exoskeletons in arthropods like insects and crustaceans?

    <p>Protection for Muscular Attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic makes hydrostatic skeletons energy-efficient for movement?

    <p>Flexible Adjustment to Environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do organisms with hydrostatic skeletons need to reside in moist or aquatic environments?

    <p>To Prevent Dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of skeleton provides faster recovery from damage due to its structure?

    <p>Hydrostatic Skeletons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable disadvantage associated with exoskeletons?

    <p>Growth Limitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature of exoskeletons allows for diverse physical adaptations in arthropods?

    <p>Support for Muscular Attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do hydrostatic skeletons offer less protection compared to exoskeletons?

    <p>Lack of Rigid Support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What critical environmental factor limits the mobility and size of organisms with hydrostatic skeletons?

    <p>Moisture Content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might endoskeletons be more vulnerable to diseases compared to exoskeletons?

    <p>Endoskeletons are made of living tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do flat bones like the sternum serve in the human body?

    <p>Protect internal organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the vertebral column essential for the human body?

    <p>It houses the spinal cord and protects internal organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bones are categorized as short bones and contribute to providing stability and support during slight movements?

    <p>Carpals in the wrists</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What main purpose does the rib cage serve in the human body?

    <p>Protect the heart and lungs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the pelvic girdle in the human skeleton?

    <p>Support the lower limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do long bones like the femur contribute to human movement?

    <p>Act as levers for large movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are irregular bones like the vertebrae and mandible considered unique in the human skeleton?

    <p>They fulfill specific functions with complex shapes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pectoral girdle in the human skeleton?

    <p>Support the upper limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bones are crucial for providing protection for internal organs and offering a broad surface for muscle attachment?

    <p>Flat Bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Haversian system within bones?

    <p>Facilitates nutrient and waste transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the musculoskeletal system, which tissues are primarily responsible for providing support at joints?

    <p>Cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes synovial joints from other types of joints in terms of movement capabilities?

    <p>They enable free movement in various directions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of tendons in the musculoskeletal system?

    <p>Connect bones to muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are Haversian canals surrounded by, forming the microscopic structure within bones?

    <p>Collagen fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the connective tissue that provides joint stability by connecting bones to other bones?

    <p>Ligaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the distinguishing characteristic of cartilage in terms of nerve and blood supply?

    <p>Lacks blood vessels or nerves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the musculoskeletal system primarily plays a role in transferring force from muscle contractions to bones for movement?

    <p>Tendons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of muscles operating in antagonistic pairs in controlling movement?

    <p>Control movement by contracting and relaxing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which skeletal tissue component provides hardness and flexibility to bones through mineral salts and collagen fibers?

    <p>Cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ligaments in joints?

    <p>Provide stability and prevent excessive joint movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do tendons contribute to locomotion efficiency, especially during activities like running?

    <p>Reduce the workload on muscles by storing and releasing energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of antagonistic muscles?

    <p>Work together to create smooth and controlled movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is cartilage essential in joints?

    <p>To reduce friction and cushion bone ends</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of myofibrils in muscle tissue?

    <p>Facilitate muscle contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do actin and myosin filaments interact during muscle contraction?

    <p>Myosin filaments slide over actin filaments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the hierarchical structure of skeletal muscles?

    <p>Fascicles, myofibrils, muscle fibers, muscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are fascicles important in skeletal muscles?

    <p>Group muscle fibers together for coordinated movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key role of perimysium in muscle structure?

    <p>Surround and support muscle fascicles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do actin and myosin filaments contribute to muscle contraction?

    <p>Myosin filaments slide over actin filaments shortening the sarcomere</p> Signup and view all the answers

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