Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of a ligament?
How does exercise benefit articular cartilage?
What can excessive stress on joints lead to?
What is a tendon sheath?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of synovial joint allows for the greatest range of motion?
Signup and view all the answers
Which classification describes joints that are freely movable?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of joint is described as being bound by longer collagenous fibers than in other fibrous joints?
Signup and view all the answers
Gomphoses are an example of which type of joint?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of joint allows for only slight movement and is typically composed of hyaline cartilage?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of synovial fluid in a joint?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of joint primarily consists of fibrocartilage and allows for slight movements?
Signup and view all the answers
Which joint connects the radius and ulna through an interosseous membrane?
Signup and view all the answers
In which joint type are bones linked by cartilage?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of synovial joints?
Signup and view all the answers
Which ligament is involved in the gomphosis joint?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of joint is characterized by its ability to grow together due to fibrocartilage?
Signup and view all the answers
Which is the primary role of articular discs in synovial joints?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following accurately defines synostosis (bony joint)?
Signup and view all the answers
What structure is essential for keeping synovial fluid contained within the joint?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of joint is characterized by a smooth, hemispherical head fitting into a cuplike socket?
Signup and view all the answers
Which movement decreases the angle at a joint?
Signup and view all the answers
What is hyperextension?
Signup and view all the answers
What term refers to the movement of a body part away from the midline?
Signup and view all the answers
Which term describes the anterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the sequence of movements involved in circumduction?
Signup and view all the answers
What characterizes rheumatoid arthritis?
Signup and view all the answers
Which injury occurs when ligaments are stretched or torn?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary cause of osteoarthritis?
Signup and view all the answers
What does the term 'supination' refer to?
Signup and view all the answers
Which joint injury requires bones to be returned to their normal position?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main characteristic of gouty arthritis?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of movement involves a bone spinning on its longitudinal axis?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the process called when the interior of a joint is viewed using a thin arthroscope?
Signup and view all the answers
What role do tendon sheaths play in relation to tendons?
Signup and view all the answers
How does exercise impact the viscosity of synovial fluid?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a consequence of inadequate nutrition and waste removal in cartilage?
Signup and view all the answers
In which type of synovial joint would you find the greatest range of motion?
Signup and view all the answers
What effect does swimming have on joint stress compared to other forms of exercise?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following joints allows for no movement due to its specific structure?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of joint is formed when two bones are linked by hyaline cartilage?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of fibrous joint includes sutures that do not allow for any movement?
Signup and view all the answers
What structure in synovial joints plays a crucial role in stability and shock absorption?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of joint classification is characterized by having the greatest freedom of movement?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Ball-and-Socket Joints
- Smooth, hemispherical head fits within a cuplike socket
- Shoulder joint: Head of humerus fits into glenoid cavity of scapula
- Hip joint: Head of femur fits into acetabulum of hip bone
- Only multiaxial joints in the body
Movement of Synovial Joints
- Terms used in kinesiology, physical therapy, etc.
- Many movements are presented in pairs with opposite or contrasting meanings
- Understanding anatomical planes and directional terms is crucial
Zero Position
- Position of a joint when a person is in the standard anatomical position
- Joint movements are described as deviating from or returning to the zero position
Flexion, Extension, and Hyperextension
- Flexion: Movement that decreases a joint angle; common in hinge joints
- Extension: Movement that straightens a joint, generally returning a body part to the zero position
- Hyperextension: Further extension of a joint beyond the zero position
- Flexion and extension occur at nearly all diarthroses, hyperextension is limited to a few
Abduction and Adduction
- Abduction: Movement away from the midline of the body in the frontal plane
- Hyperabduction: Raising arm over back or front of head
- Adduction: Movement towards the midline of the body in the frontal plane
- Hyperadduction: Crossing fingers or ankles
Elevation and Depression
- Elevation: Movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane
- Depression: Movement that lowers a body part in the same plane
Protraction and Retraction
- Protraction: Anterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane
- Retraction: Posterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane
Circumduction
- One end of an appendage remains stationary while the other end makes a circular motion
- Examples: Finger, hand, thigh, foot, trunk, head
- Sequence of flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction movements
Rotation
- Movement in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis
- Examples: Rotation of trunk, thigh, head or arm
- Medial (internal) rotation: Bone turns inwards
- Lateral (external) rotation: Bone turns outwards
Supination and Pronation
- Supination: Forearm movement that turns the palm to face anteriorly or upwards; radius is parallel to the ulna
- Pronation: Forearm movement that turns the palm to face posteriorly or downwards; radius spins on the capitulum of humerus, crossing the stationary ulna
Movements of Head and Trunk
- Flexion, hyperextension, and lateral flexion of vertebral column
Common Joint Injuries
- Sprain: Ligaments are stretched or torn, heal slowly due to poor vascularization; completely torn ligaments require surgery or replacement
- Cartilage Injuries: Remain torn due to avascularization; arthroscopic surgery may be used to remove damaged tissue; joint stability decreases after removal
- Dislocation (luxation): Bones are forced out of alignment, must be reduced (returned to normal position)
Knee Injuries
- Highly vulnerable to rotational and horizontal stress
- Common injuries: Meniscus and Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL)
- Heal slowly due to scanty blood flow
- Arthroscopy: Procedure to view interior of the joint via a thin scope inserted through a small incision; less tissue damage than conventional surgery and quicker recovery
Inflammatory & Degenerative Conditions
- Bursitis: Inflammation of a bursa; usually caused by blow or friction
- Tendonitis: Inflammation of tendon sheaths
- Arthritis: Broad term for pain and inflammation; most common crippling disease in the United States
- Rheumatologists: Physicians who treat arthritis and other joint disorders
- Osteoarthritis
- Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
- Gouty Arthritis (Gout)
Osteoarthritis
- Most common form of arthritis, often referred to as 'wear-and-tear arthritis'
- Results from years of joint wear, leading to softening and degeneration of articular cartilage
- Accompanied by crackling sounds called crepitus
- Bone spurs develop on exposed bone tissue causing pain
- Rarely occurs before age 40, affects 85% of people over 70 years old
- Obesity is a risk factor
- Most likely to affect joints of fingers, intervertebral discs, hips, and knees
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)
- Autoimmune attack against joint tissues
- Misguided antibodies (rheumatoid factor) attack synovial membrane, leading to enzyme degradation of articular cartilage and joint ossification
- Ankylosis: Joint becomes solidly fused and immobilized
- Remissions occur
- Steroids and aspirin control inflammation
Gouty Arthritis (Gout)
- Hereditary disease, more common in men
- Metabolic disorder resulting in excess uric acid build-up
- Uric acid: Normal waste product excreted in urine; excessive production or slow excretion leads to urate crystals forming in soft tissues and joints
- Great toe is most affected joint
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz covers the structure and function of ball-and-socket joints, focusing on the shoulder and hip joints. It explores their unique multiaxial characteristics and various movements associated with synovial joints. Special attention is given to the concepts of zero position and the terminology used in kinesiology.
