9 Questions
Which of the following movements describes varus deviation?
Medial deviation of the distal bone
Which anatomical term is used to describe the lateral deviation of the distal bone of a joint?
Valgus
What prevents the patella from tracking too far laterally in the knee joint?
Lateral femoral condyle
Which ligament is responsible for checking valgus deviation and attaches to the medial epicondyle of the femur?
Medial collateral ligament
Which ligament attaches to the posterior and medial side of the lateral femoral condyle and checks anterior translation of the tibia on the femur?
Anterior cruciate ligament
Which ligament slackens when the knee is flexed and is taut in full extension, checking posterior translation of the tibia on the femur?
Posterior cruciate ligament
Which ligament attaches to the medial meniscus and is a flat thickening of the joint capsule?
Medial collateral ligament
What do cruciate ligaments check when they are taut in full extension?
Anterior translation of the tibia on the femur
Which structure attaches the medial and lateral menisci to their respective tibial plateaus?
Coronary ligaments
Study Notes
Anatomical Prefixes
- Arthr/o: joint
- Bi-: two
- Brachi/o: arm
- Caud/o: tail
- Cephal/o: head
- Chondr/o: cartilage
- Circum-: around
- Epi: above, upon
- Faci/o: face
- Fasci/o: fascia
- Hyper-: excessive, above normal
- Hypo-: below, under, deficient
- Infer/o: lower, below
- Infra-: below, under
- Inter-: between
- Intra-: in, within
- Iso-: same, equal
- Metr/o: measure
- My/o: muscle
- Nas/o: nose
- Neur/o: nerve
- Ocul/o: eye
- Oste/o: bone
- Per-: through
- Peri: around
- Poly-: many, much
- Spondyl/o: vertebrae
- Sub-: under, below
- Super/o: upper, above
- Supra-: above, excessive, superior
- Trans-: across, through
- Tri-: three
- Uni-: one
Anatomical Suffixes
- -ceps: head
- -itis: inflammation
- -ology: the study of
- -oid: resembling
Knee Anatomy
- Medial and lateral condyles of the tibia articulate with the medial and lateral femoral condyles
- Tibiofemoral joint: synovial, modified hinge, and biaxial
Patellofemoral Joint
- Medial and lateral facets of the patella articulate with the patellar surface of the femur
- Synovial, plane joint
- Patella moves down (inferiorly) during flexion and up (superiorly and laterally) during extension
Valgus vs Varus
- Valgus: lateral deviation of the distal bone(s) of a joint (knock-knee)
- Varus: medial deviation of the distal bone of a joint (bow-leg)
Ligaments of the Knee
- Lateral collateral ligament (fibular collateral ligament): attaches to lateral epicondyle of the femur and fibular head, checks/restricts varus deviation
- Medial collateral ligament (tibial collateral ligament): attaches to medial epicondyle of the femur and medial condyle of the tibia, checks/restricts valgus deviation
- Anterior cruciate ligament: attaches to anterior intercondylar area of the tibia and posterior and medial side of the lateral femoral condyle, checks anterior translation of the tibia on the femur and knee extension
- Posterior cruciate ligament: attaches to posterior intercondylar area of the tibia and anterior and lateral side of the medial femoral condyle, checks posterior translation of the tibia on the femur and knee flexion
- Medial and lateral coronary ligaments: attach menisci to their respective tibial plateaus
Patella
- Triangle-shaped sesamoid bone in the tendon of the quadriceps (rectus femoris muscle)
- Anterior view: base is the flat superior edge, apex is the more pointed inferior edge
- Posterior view: vertical ridge, medial articular facet, and lateral articular facet
Test your knowledge on anatomical prefixes related to the lower and upper limbs in anatomy. Identify and match terms like Arthr/o, Brachi/o, Cephal/o, Chondr/o, and more to their meanings.
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