Chapter 6 Part 1 Intro and the Musculoskeletal System

Locating Body Organs and Structures

• Visualization is key to understanding body structures and their relationships. Imagine illustrations overlaying on patient anatomy.
• Topography and landmarks utilize body features (elbows, wrists, clavicles) as reference points.
• Palpation involves touching the patient to detect irregularities.
• Auscultation uses a stethoscope to listen to the patient (breathing, heartbeat, bowel sounds).
• Utilize visual aids to overlay illustrations over the body for a better understanding of internal structures.
• Use physical features such as joints, bones, and lines to identify and locate anatomical locations.

Musculoskeletal System

• Functions: Shape, protection of organs, and movement.
• Skeletal system: Supports, protects, stores minerals, and facilitates movement via muscle attachments.
• Tendons connect muscle to bone.
• Ligaments connect bone to bone.
• Skeleton Divisions:
  • Axial skeleton: Skull, spine, ribs, and sternum (colored white in the image).
  • Appendicular skeleton: Shoulders, upper extremities, pelvis, and lower extremities (colored red in the image).
  • Provides shape, protects vital organs, and enables body movement.

Skull

• Cranium: Top, back, and sides of the head.
• Face: Front of the head.
• Bones:
  • Frontal: Forehead.
  • Temporal: Side of the head, near ears.
  • Occipital: Base of the skull.
  • Parietal (Left & Right): Sides of the head.
  • Mandible: Lower jaw (only movable bone).
  • Maxilla: Upper jaw.
  • Nasal: Nose.
  • Orbits: Eye sockets.
  • Zygomatic: Cheekbones.
  • Large top, back, and sides of the head.
  • Front portion of the head.

Spinal Column

• Vertebrae: 33 bones forming the spinal column.
• Spinal cord runs down the center of the vertebrae.
• Regions:
  • Cervical Spine (7 vertebrae): Neck.
  • Thoracic Spine (12 vertebrae): Upper and middle back.
  • Lumbar Spine (5 vertebrae): Lower back.
  • Sacral: 5 fused vertebrae at the base of the spine.
  • Coccyx: 4 fused vertebrae (tailbone).

Chest Area

• Sternum: Breastbone, connecting to ribs.
  • Manubrium: Top section of the sternum.
  • Sternal Notch: Top of the manubrium.
  • Body of Sternum: Middle section, used for CPR.
  • Xiphoid Process: Small, fragile bottom section.
• Rib Cage: 12 sets of ribs.
  • Floating Ribs: 11th and 12th ribs, do not attach to the sternum.
  • Purpose: Protects heart, lungs, and major blood vessels.
  • Breastbone in the center of the chest where ribs connect.

Pelvis

• Bones:
  • Ilium: Wing area of the hip.
  • Ischium: Bottom of the pelvis ("butt bone").
  • Pubis: Foundation level of the pelvis.
• Pelvis Girdle: Forms the hip joint.
  • Femur: Attaches to the pelvis at the hip joint.
• Wing-like portion of the hip on each side.
  • Bottom portion of the pelvis.
  • Foundation of the pelvis.
  • Formed by the ball-shaped head of the femur connecting with the pelvis.

Lower Extremities

• Femur: Largest and strongest bone in the body.
• Knee Joint:
  • Patella: Kneecap.
• Lower Leg:
  • Tibia: Main bone in the front.
  • Fibula: Bone on the back of the lower leg.
• Ankle:
  • Malleolus: Nubs on the inside (medial) and outside (lateral) of the ankle.
• Foot:
  • Phalanges: Toe bones.
  • Metatarsals: Body of the foot.
  • Calcaneus: Heel.

Upper Extremities

• Shoulder Girdle:
  • Clavicle: Collarbone.
  • Scapula: Shoulder blade.
    • Acromium: Highest point where clavicle and scapula meet (acromioclavicular joint, AC joint).
• Upper Arm:
  • Humerus: Upper arm bone.
• Lower Arm:
  • Radius: Thumb side of the lower arm.
  • Ulna: Pinky side of the lower arm.
• Hand and Wrist:
  • Phalanges: Finger bones.
    • Distal Phalange: Tip of the finger.
    • Middle Phalanges: Middle section of the finger.
    • Proximal Phalange: Base of the finger.
  • Metacarpals: Hand bones.
  • Carpals: Wrist bones.

Joints

• Joints: Points where bones meet.
• Types:
  • Ball and Socket: Hip.
  • Hinge: Elbow, wrist.
  • Saddle Joint: Thumb.
  • Condyloid Joint: Wrist.
  • Plane Joint: Ankle.
• Locations where bones come together, allowing for movement and flexibility.

Muscles

• Muscle Types:
  • Voluntary (Skeletal): Conscious control.
  • Involuntary (Smooth): Controlled by the brain stem (e.g., blood vessels, GI tract).
  • Cardiac (Heart): Specific muscle type for the heart.
  • Muscles controlled consciously by the brain.
  • Muscles controlled by the brain stem for automatic functions in blood vessels, the digestive tract, and respiratory system.
  • Muscle of the heart.