1.2 Clinical anatomy: Spine and pelvis

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Which anatomical structure contributes to the dynamic stabilisation of the pelvis joint in addition to the pubis symphysis ligaments?

Sacroiliac ligament

Fibrous capsule of the hip joint

Tendon of the gluteus maximus muscle

Aponeurosis extension of the abdominal muscles (correct)

What is the term used to describe the physiological separation of the pubis symphysis during pregnancy?

Pubis Symphysis Diastasis (correct)

Pubis Symphysis Convergence

Pubis Symphysis Fusion

Pubis Symphysis Dislocation

Which condition is characterized by increased physiological separation of the pubis symphysis that affects load transfer capacity of the pelvis?

Sacroiliitis

Sacral Fracture

Coccydynia

Pubis Symphysis Diastasis (correct)

What are common causes of pain in the sacroiliac joint and pubis symphysis?

Degenerative and inflammatory arthritis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe pathological separation of the pubis symphysis often resulting from trauma?

Pubis Symphysis Separation Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is NOT mentioned as contributing to the dynamic stabilisation of the pelvis joint?

Gluteus Medius Signup and view all the answers

What is another term for 'pubis symphysis diastasis'?

'Separation of Pubic Joints' Signup and view all the answers

How much physiological separation can occur in the pubic symphysis during pregnancy?

$3$ to $5$ mm Signup and view all the answers

What type of condition is 'Coccydynia'?

'Painful condition affecting coccyx region' Signup and view all the answers

'Pubis symphysis diastasis' can impact which of the following during weight-bearing activities?

'Functional stability and load transfer capacity of the pelvis' Signup and view all the answers

What is the anatomical definition of Low Back Pain (LBP) according to the text?

Pain symptoms located below the 12th rib and above the inferior gluteal fold. Signup and view all the answers

According to Bogduck (1997), what are the three factors that could determine neuro-musculoskeletal structures resulting in pain-related symptoms?

Biomechanical, biochemical, and psychosocial factors. Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common and complex symptom in neuro-musculoskeletal conditions of the lumbar spine and pelvis?

Pain Signup and view all the answers

Where is back pain anatomically defined as located, according to Waddell (1998)?

Between the superior angle of the scapula to the inferior gluteal fold. Signup and view all the answers

Which region is included in the anatomical definition of Low Back Pain (LBP) according to Dionne et al. (2008)?

From waist to toes Signup and view all the answers

What does understanding anatomy knowledge help with in client care according to the text?

Understanding potential sources of symptoms like pain. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can lead to mechanical failure of the vertebral body due to loss of trabecular mass and network?

Systemic bone diseases Signup and view all the answers

What condition can result from spontaneous and sudden onset of acute spinal pain with or without motor deficits?

Compression fracture Signup and view all the answers

Which type of compression fracture can lead to structural deformity of the spine such as kyphosis and scoliosis?

Wedge type fracture Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of the endplate in the vertebra-disc complex?

To separate the intervertebral disc from the vertebral bone Signup and view all the answers

Which condition involves a dent-like appearance in the vertebral end plate due to disc tissues protruding into the vertebral body?

Schmorl's node Signup and view all the answers

What is the main consequence of reduced thickness, porosity, and flattened structures of the endplate?

Mechanical failure Signup and view all the answers

Which condition leads to pathological compression fractures and lower back pain due to spread from other visceral organs like lung and pelvis?

Bone cancer malignancy Signup and view all the answers

What feature is a characteristic of age-related physiological degeneration as well as ankylosing spondylitis?

Osteophytes Signup and view all the answers

How do wedge type compression fractures differ from biconcave fractures?

They involve asymmetrical failure of trabecular bone. Signup and view all the answers

What role do osteophytes play in the context of spinal conditions?

They are characteristic of inflammatory spinal conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What are some key considerations when identifying the site of pain symptoms in clients with spinal pain conditions?

Type of sensory innervation and findings from diagnostic studies Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the important first steps in assessing clients with spinal pain conditions?

Assessing for red flag conditions Signup and view all the answers

Which type of disorders are commonly classified under somatic causes of back pain?

Mechanical and non-mechanical disorders Signup and view all the answers

What are the key indicators that help clarify the role of physiotherapists in neuro-musculoskeletal conditions of the spine and pelvis?

Pain and associated movement system impairments Signup and view all the answers

What type of forces are common in the lumbar spine, according to the text?

Compression forces Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the vertebral body has a greater number of sensory nerves associated with blood vessels?

Trabecular region Signup and view all the answers

What types of fibers transmit sharp and dull/aching pain in the vertebral body, as mentioned in the text?

'A-delta' and 'C-fibers' Signup and view all the answers

What does the inner trabecular bone of the lumbar vertebrae contain?

'Red marrow' and basivertebral arteries/veins Signup and view all the answers

'Nociception' and 'proprioception' involve the transmission of signals related to which sensations?

'Pain' and 'movement' Signup and view all the answers

What is one purpose of identifying red flag conditions in clients with spinal pain conditions?

To rule out medical emergencies requiring urgent referral Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a stress fracture of the lamina that is rarely reported as a cause of back pain symptoms in heavy sporting adolescents?

Laminolysis Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is one of the repetitive hyperextension stress-related disorders reported in clients with increased lumbar lordosis?

Periostitis Signup and view all the answers

What type of fracture is rare in the lumbar spine but moderately common in cervical spine trauma?

Avulsion fracture of spinous process Signup and view all the answers

Which radiological sign is common in both repetitive stress disorders and serious systemic bone lesions?

'Sclerosis' changes Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the maintenance of disc height and withstands compressive forces in the spinal column?

Nucleus pulposus Signup and view all the answers

Which structure anchors the lamellae of the annulus fibrosus into the cartilaginous portion of the vertebral end plate?

Intervertebral disc Signup and view all the answers

Which ligaments cover the outermost layer of the anterior and posterior portions of the intervertebral disc?

[Anterior/Posterior] longitudinal ligaments Signup and view all the answers

Which type of overloading is considered a risk factor for degenerative changes in disc structure?

'Compression and torsion' Signup and view all the answers

'Hydrated' nucleus pulposus mainly consists of what component?

'Water' Signup and view all the answers

What becomes stiffer with age, causing the disc to be less able to adjust to compression?

Nucleus pulposus Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical location of vertebral osteophytes is most likely to result in compression of the spinal cord?

Spinal canal Signup and view all the answers

What are the common lumbar vertebrae where posterior vertebral body osteophytes causing spinal canal stenosis are found?

L4 and L5 Signup and view all the answers

Which congenital anomaly results from the fusion of adjacent vertebral bodies?

Congenital synchondrosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the fusion of the fifth lumbar vertebral body to the sacrum?

Sacralization Signup and view all the answers

Which element of the vertebrae is comprised of an array of trabecular matrices surrounded by cylindrical cortical bone?

Pedicle Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical term for weakening and stress fracture of the pars interarticularis?

Spondylolysis Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by the anterior displacement of proximal vertebra over the immediate distal vertebrae due to fracture or elongation of the pars interarticularis?

Spondylolisthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which rare condition is noted with pedicle hypertrophy, sclerosis, and bone edema?

Pediculolysis Signup and view all the answers

What type of fracture is associated with weakening and stress within the region of bone between the superior and inferior articular processes or facets?

Pars interarticularis fracture Signup and view all the answers

Which type of fracture can be associated with heavy sporting adolescents and early osteoporosis changes in clients?

Pediculolysis Signup and view all the answers

Which structure in the spine is innervated by nociceptive and autonomic nerve fibers and is considered to be potential pain-sensitive structures?

Facet joint Signup and view all the answers

What type of nerve fibers are evidenced in the outer portion of the annulus fibrosus?

Mixed myelinated and unmyelinated fibers Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the ligamentum flavum in the spinal column?

Connect the lamina of each vertebra Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the spine has facet joints oriented more towards the sagittal plane allowing greater flexion range of motion?

Lumbar region Signup and view all the answers

What structural change characterizes the physiological separation of the pubis symphysis during pregnancy?

Increased separation of the pubic symphysis (up to 3 to 5 mm) Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical significance of 'pubis symphysis diastasis'?

Affects load transfer capacity of the pelvis Signup and view all the answers

Where is the common location of spinal nerve root compression known as 'lateral foraminal stenosis'?

Intervertebral foramen Signup and view all the answers

What is a common source of pain in the sacroiliac joint and pubis symphysis?

Degenerative arthritis Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the annulus fibrosus has sensory nerve innervation?

Outer layer Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic symptom of Coccydynia?

Pain in the coccyx region Signup and view all the answers

'Facet joints are richly innervated with nociceptive and autonomic nerve fibers' refers to which part of the facet joint?

Joint capsule Signup and view all the answers

'Discogenic back pain' can result from which condition according to the text?

'Disc bulge' Signup and view all the answers

How does 'pubis symphysis diastasis' impact the pelvis during weight-bearing activities?

Affects functional stability Signup and view all the answers

'Hypomobility and/or hypermobility dysfunctions' are commonly associated with which spinal structure?

'Facet joint' Signup and view all the answers

Which part of spinal anatomy connects the lamina of each vertebra?

Ligamentum flavum Signup and view all the answers

What role do isolated osteophytes and synovial cysts from facet joints play in spinal nerve impingement?

Encroaching the intervertebral foramen Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament offers structural stability to the sacroiliac joint?

Anterior sacroiliac ligament Signup and view all the answers

Which type of movement is NOT controlled by active muscular contractions in the sacroiliac joint?

Pelvis torsion Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the coccyx in relation to pelvic floor muscles and ligaments?

Attachment site for key pelvic floor muscles and ligaments Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint is the pubic symphysis classified as?

Fibrocartilaginous (synchondrosis) Signup and view all the answers

Which ligament further stabilizes the pubic symphysis in addition to the pubic symphysis ligaments?

Sacrococcygeal ligament Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to joint stability in the sacroiliac joint?

Bony interlocks between articular surfaces Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the conus medullaris and cauda equina in the lumbar spine?

Serve as the endpoint of the spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk associated with the decrease in size of intervertebral foramen in the lumbar spine?

Increased risk of disc herniation Signup and view all the answers

What type of pain is commonly attributed to tears in the annulus fibres of intervertebral discs?

Discogenic pain Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the limited healing response of the inner portion of intervertebral discs?

Vascular deficiency Signup and view all the answers

How do posterior and posterolateral disc herniations differ from anterior and anterolateral protrusions in terms of clinical significance?

They lead to spinal canal stenosis Signup and view all the answers

What is a common cause of back and neck pain related to facet joint abnormalities?

Rheumatoid arthritis Signup and view all the answers

In which condition can osteoarthritis (OA) of facet joints result in progressive wear and tear?

Spondylolysis Signup and view all the answers

Which inflammatory arthritis primarily affects the facet joints of the cervical spine more than the lumbar spine?

Rheumatoid arthritis Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the static and dynamic stability of the lumbopelvic region?

Core stability Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is NOT considered a core stabilizer of the lumbopelvic region?

Rectus abdominis Signup and view all the answers

According to Vleeming et al. (1989), what principle describes the representation of the active system in the pelvis?

'Force closure' Signup and view all the answers

Which term is used to classify muscle-tendon and myofascial structures as either local (deep) or global (superficial) in the lumbopelvic region?

'Functional classification' Signup and view all the answers

Which factor plays an important role in both the etiology and prognosis of low back pain symptoms according to the text?

Neuromuscular control Signup and view all the answers

Which anatomical region do the principles of 'form and force closure' focus on, according to Vleeming et al. (1989)?

Pelvis Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the high level of variation in adaptive movement and muscle activation patterns between clients with LBP?

Adaptive motor control Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to assess and treat individuals with LBP individually in terms of movement coordination and core stability muscle activation impairment?

Due to the high level of variation in adaptive movement patterns Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason behind integrating condition-specific clinical characteristics from this unit into Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy Practice learning activities?

To enhance clinical reasoning skills Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the relationship between pathoanatomy, pathomechanics, risk factors, pain patterns of spinal conditions, and postural and movement impairments in individuals with LBP?

Integrative pathophysiology Signup and view all the answers

What should a novice physiotherapist focus on to inform their clinical reasoning for individuals with LBP?

Understanding adaptive motor control Signup and view all the answers

Why does the text emphasize individual assessment and treatment for individuals with LBP?

To consider the high variability in adaptive muscle activation patterns Signup and view all the answers

Which muscles are collectively known as 'core stability' muscles in the lumbopelvic region?

Transversus abdominis, multifidus, internal oblique Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle induces nutation force in the pelvis leading to compression of sacroiliac joints?

Multifidus Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the activation sequence of deep (local) stabilizer muscles in response to internal and external loading?

Feedforward activation Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle plays a vital role in core stability by cocontracting with the diaphragm and pelvic floor muscles?

Levator Ani Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the forces generated between right and left pelvis for stability during functional activities like standing and walking?

'Cross-bracing force closures' Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is NOT classified as a global (superficial) stabilizer muscle of the lumbopelvic region?