Anatomy: Head and Neck

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Questions and Answers

Damage to which muscle would most directly impair the ability to protrude the mandible?

  • Lateral pterygoid (correct)
  • Masseter
  • Medial pterygoid
  • Temporalis

Besides the top of the manubrium, where else does the sternocleidomastoid originate?

  • Mastoid process
  • Medial one-third of the clavicle (correct)
  • Occipital bone
  • Temporal bone

What three structures create the borders of the anterior triangle of the neck?

  • Larynx, sternocleidomastoid, trapezius
  • Clavicle, mandible, midline of the neck
  • Trachea, base of the occiput, sternocleidomastoid
  • Trachea, base of the mandible, sternocleidomastoid (correct)

Which structure is located within the posterior triangle of the neck?

<p>Brachial plexus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the cranial bones connected and what type of joint facilitates this connection?

<p>Fibrous joints; provide stability with limited movement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The external occipital protuberance is located at the center of which bone, and what structure attaches here?

<p>Occiput; ligamentum nuchae (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bony landmarks are found on the temporal bone?

<p>Mastoid process and zygomatic arch (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What muscle fills the space between the zygomatic arch and the cranium, and what is its primary action?

<p>Temporalis; elevation and retraction of the mandible (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial bone forms the attachment site for the masseter muscle?

<p>Zygomatic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During flexion of the cervical spine, which muscle acts as an antagonist to the anterior scalene?

<p>Levator scapula (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

While rotating the cervical spine to the right, which muscle acts as a synergist with the left sternocleidomastoid?

<p>Left anterior scalene (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action at the mandible would shorten the fibers of the masseter muscle?

<p>Elevation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which movement will lengthen the fibers of the anterior scalene muscle?

<p>Rotation of the head and neck to the same side (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The brachial plexus and subclavian artery pass through a small gap between which two muscles in the anterior, lateral neck?

<p>Anterior and middle scalenes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

To discern the posterior scalene from the levator scapula, which action could you ask your partner to perform that would contract the levator but not the scalene?

<p>Elevation of the scapula (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The anterior scalene lies partially deep to the lateral edge of which muscle?

<p>Sternocleidomastoid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which activity will likely cause the most strain upon the scalene muscle group?

<p>Having the head jostled violently while on a roller coaster (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Clenching one's teeth will activate the -

<p>Temporalis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The pulse of which vessel can be felt medially to the sternocleidomastoid at the level of the hyoid bone?

<p>Common carotid artery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure might you encounter during palpation along the underside of the mandible that feels like a soft lentil or moist raisin?

<p>Cervical lymph node (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If my eyes are plucked out of socket, which bone would be visible to see?

<p>Sphenoid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When palpating the sternocleidomastoid, the therapist must beware of the -

<p>Carotid artery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Temporalis and Masseter working together to elevate the jaw forcefully allows one to -

<p>Chew food (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Palpating the small bump posterior to one's ear is to touch the -

<p>Temporal mastoid process (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle will aid in blowing forcefully out the mouth, as if to play a musical instrument?

<p>Buccinator (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Lateral pterygoid action

Protracts the mandible (moves it forward).

Sternocleidomastoid origin

Top of the manubrium, medial one-third of the clavicle

Anterior triangle border

Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)

Posterior triangle content

Brachial plexus

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Number of skull bones

22

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Cranial bone joint type

Fibrous joints

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Posterior, inferior cranium bone

Occiput

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Midline occiput landmark

External occipital protuberance

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Occiput neck muscle attachment

Superior nuchal line

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Sagittal suture bones

Parietal bones

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Mastoid process/zygomatic arch bone

Temporal bone

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Behind earlobe bony landmark

Mastoid process

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Muscle filling zygomatic arch/cranium space

Temporalis

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Temporal bone landmark (caution)

Styloid process

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Forehead bone

Frontal bone

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"Greater wings" bone

Sphenoid

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Anterior cheekbone

Zygomatic

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Antagonist to anterior scalene

Levator Scapula

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Synergist to left SCM (right rotation)

Left anterior scalene

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Antagonist to geniohyoid

Temporalis

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Sternocleidomastoid insertion

Mastoid process of temporal bone

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Action of the sternocleidomastoid

Rotate the head and neck to the opposite side

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Second SCM head attachment

Clavicle

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Positioning head for SCM palpation

Rotate the head slightly away from the side you are palpating

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Muscles between SCM and Trapezius

Scalenes

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Study Notes

  • The lateral pterygoid muscle is responsible for protraction of the mandible.
  • The sternocleidomastoid originates at the top of the manubrium and the medial one-third of the clavicle.
  • The anterior triangle is formed by the trachea, the base of the mandible, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
  • The brachial plexus is located within the posterior triangle.
  • The skull is formed by 22 bones.
  • Fibrous joints connect the cranial bones.
  • The occipital bone is located at the posterior and inferior aspects of the cranium.
  • The external occipital protuberance, located at the center of the occiput, is the attachment site for the ligamentum nuchae.
  • The superior nuchal line of the occiput serves as an attachment site for several neck muscles.
  • The parietal bones merge at the body's midline to form the sagittal suture.
  • The mastoid process and zygomatic arch are landmarks on the temporal bone.
  • The mastoid process is located directly behind the earlobe and serves as an attachment site for the sternocleidomastoid.
  • The temporalis muscle fills the space between the zygomatic arch and cranium.
  • The styloid process is a bony landmark of the temporal bone that should be explored with caution.
  • The frontal bone forms the forehead and upper rim of the eye sockets.
  • The lateral portions of the sphenoid bone are called the greater wings.
  • The zygomatic bone forms the anterior aspect of the cheekbone and serves as an attachment site for the masseter.
  • The levator scapula acts as an antagonist to the anterior scalene during flexion of the cervical spine.
  • The left anterior scalene acts as a synergist with the left sternocleidomastoid during rotation of the cervical spine to the right.
  • The temporalis acts as an antagonist to the geniohyoid during depression of the mandible.
  • The mastoid process of the temporal bone is part of the insertion of the sternocleidomastoid.
  • The sternocleidomastoid rotates the head and neck to the opposite side.
  • One head of the sternocleidomastoid attaches at the sternum, the second attaches at the clavicle.
  • To make the sternocleidomastoid contraction more visible, position the head slightly rotated away from the side being palpated.
  • The scalenes are located between the sternocleidomastoid and the anterior, lateral flap of the trapezius.
  • The posterior scalene is the least accessible for palpation.
  • The brachial plexus and subclavian artery pass through the gap between the anterior and middle scalenes.
  • Rotating the head and neck to the same side will lengthen the fibers of the anterior scalene.
  • The anterior scalene originates at the transverse processes of the 3rd-6th cervical vertebrae.
  • The anterior scalene inserts at the first rib.
  • The anterior scalene flexes the head and neck.
  • The middle scalene originates at the transverse processes of the 2nd-7th cervical vertebrae.
  • The middle scalene inserts at the first rib.
  • The middle scalene rotates the head and neck to the opposite side.
  • The posterior scalene originates at the transverse processes of the sixth and seventh cervical vertebrae.
  • The posterior scalene inserts at the second rib.
  • The posterior scalene laterally flexes the head and neck to the same side.
  • The scalenes can be palpated while passively flexing the neck and having the partner breathe deeply into their upper chest.
  • The anterior scalene lies partially deep to the lateral edge of the sternocleidomastoid.
  • To discern the posterior scalene from the levator scapula, ask the partner to elevate the scapula.
  • The masseter originates at the zygomatic arch.
  • The masseter inserts at the angle and ramus of the mandible.
  • The masseter elevates the mandible.
  • The masseter is the strongest muscle in the body relative to its size.
  • Mandible elevation would shorten the fibers of the masseter.
  • The temporalis has a broad origin attaching to the frontal, temporal, and parietal bones.
  • Protraction of the mandible will lengthen the temporalis.
  • The temporalis originates at the temporal fossa and fascia.
  • The temporalis inserts at the coronoid process and anterior edge of the ramus of the mandible.
  • The temporalis retracts the mandible.
  • To locate the insertion of the temporalis, the partner must fully open their mouth.
  • The suprahyoid muscles form a wall of muscle along the underside of the jaw.
  • Retraction of the mandible will lengthen the fibers of the medial pterygoid.
  • The longus colli laterally flexes the head and neck to the same side.
  • Rotation to the opposite side lengthens the fibers of the longus capitis and colli.
  • There are 30 muscles that create the range of facial expressions.
  • Integumentary muscles are embedded in the superficial fascia, while mimetic muscles express emotion.
  • The buccinator presses the cheek firmly against the teeth.
  • The levator labii superioris is located between the upper lip and the center of the eye.
  • Three of the seven primary facial expressions: anger, contempt, and fear.
  • The orbicularis oris encircles the mouth.
  • The zygomaticus major is located between the corner of the mouth and the apex of the cheekbone.
  • The procerus is located between the eyebrows.
  • The auricularis superior is involved in wiggling the ear.
  • The pulse of the common carotid artery can be felt medially to the sternocleidomastoid at the level of the hyoid bone.
  • The pulse of the temporal artery can be best felt in front of the ear along the zygomatic arch.
  • The facial artery can be located by positioning a finger at the base of the mandible along the anterior edge of the masseter.
  • While palpating along the underside of the mandible, a cervical lymph node may be encountered.
  • If the eyes are plucked out of socket, the sphenoid bone would be visible to see
  • If the clavicle is shifted inferiorly suddenly, the platysma muscle's tendon would become strained.
  • The depressor anguli oris works along with mentalis to create a pouting facial expression.
  • An engaged procerus upon a client may indicate they are angry.
  • Having the head jostled violently while on a roller coaster will likely cause the most strain upon the scalene muscle group.
  • Clenching one's teeth will activate the temporalis.
  • When palpating the sternocleidomastoid, beware of the carotid artery.
  • A massage stroke running posteriorly from the masseter may contact the parotid gland.
  • The occipitofrontalis shares a common boney attachment as trapezius.
  • The temporalis and masseter working together to elevate the jaw forcefully allows one to chew food.
  • Putting on a shower cap would protect the galea aponeurotica in a shower.
  • Smiling involves the zygomaticus major & minor.
  • Palpating the small bump posterior to one's ear touches the temporal mastoid process.
  • The mandible is rapidly elevating and depressing when someone raps words quickly.
  • When one receives a broken nose, the vomer bone has been directly impacted.
  • Making one's jaw move side-to-side will activate the pterygoids.
  • A massage stroke from the corners of the mouth traveling towards the angle of the jaw will contact the masseter.
  • Raising one eyebrow at a time is performed by the occipitofrontalis.
  • The buccinator will aid in blowing forcefully out the mouth, as if to play a musical instrument.
  • Squinting your eyes is a product of the orbicularis occuli.

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