Anatomy Final Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

Where is the Jugular (suprasternal) notch located?

Located between the clavicles.

What is the sternal angle also known as?

Angle of Louis.

Where is the sternal angle located and what is it a landmark for?

Located between the manubrium and the body of the sternum at the articulation of the 2nd ribs, level of T4-T5.

Where is the xiphoid process located and what level is it situated at?

<p>It is located at the bottom of the sternum and is at the level of T9.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the reference planes of the frontal plane in the thoracic cavity?

<p>Mid-claviculars (lateral) and mid-sternal (medial).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the planes of reference in the axillary region?

<p>Anterior axillary, mid axillary, posterior axillary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two functions of the thoracic cage?

<p>To protect vital organs and as an attachment point for muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many ribs are there and what are the kinds of ribs?

<p>There are 12 ribs: 1-7 are true ribs, 8-12 are false ribs, with 11-12 being floating ribs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the weakest part of the rib and most susceptible to fracture?

<p>The angle of the rib.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What part of the sternum contains the Jugular notch?

<p>Manubrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for the Jugular notch?

<p>Suprasternal notch.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organ landmarks does the sternal angle serve as?

<p>It serves as a landmark for the start and end of the aortic arch and the location of tracheal bifurcation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ribs directly articulate with the sternum?

<p>Ribs 1-7 (the true ribs).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What attaches to the xiphoid process?

<p>The linea alba.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the ribs attach to the vertebrae?

<p>Each rib attaches to its corresponding vertebrae T1-1, T2-2, T3-3, etc.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the superficial thoracic muscles?

<p>Help raise the arm and act as accessory muscles of inspiration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What muscles are characterized as shallow thoracic muscles?

<p>Pectoralis Major, Pectoralis Minor, and Serratus Anterior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the deep thoracic muscles?

<p>Form the thoracic wall to support the ribs and help elevate/depress them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are considered the deep thoracic muscles?

<p>The intercostal muscles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the blood supply to the thoracic wall come from?

<p>The intercostal neurovascular bundles, located immediately inferior to each rib within the costal groove.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the pleura?

<p>Serous membranes that line the internal surface of the thoracic cage and the outside surface of the lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of pleura, and which is sensitive to pain?

<p>The parietal pleura is sensitive to pain, while the visceral pleura is not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the parietal pleura and visceral pleura?

<p>The parietal pleura lines the internal wall of the thoracic cavity; visceral pleura is attached to the surface of each lung.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the space between the visceral and parietal pleura called?

<p>The pleural space.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is contained in the pleural space and what is its function?

<p>Pleural fluid, which is used for lubrication of the surfaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a pneumothorax?

<p>When air enters the pleural space, balancing out negative pressure with atmospheric pressure, preventing lung expansion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the mediastinum?

<p>The middle space lying between the pleural spaces.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the superior mediastinum?

<p>Compartment above the manubrium, including the thymus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the inferior mediastinum located?

<p>Below the angle of Louis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the thymus located?

<p>In the anterior superior mediastinum, anterior to the heart but posterior to the sternum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 4 regions of the lung and their locations?

<p>Apex (superior part of the upper lobe), hilum (medial aspect), costal (anterior, lateral, and posterior), and diaphragmatic (bottom part).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the lobes of the lungs?

<p>Right lung has superior, middle, and inferior lobes; left lung has superior and inferior lobes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What separates the lobes of the right lung?

<p>The horizontal fissure (between superior and middle) and oblique fissure (between middle and inferior).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What separates the lobes of the left lung?

<p>The left oblique fissure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the space below the lung called?

<p>Costodiaphragmatic recess.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the space directly inferior to the heart?

<p>Costomediastinal recess.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of the recesses?

<p>Allow for lung expansion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the trachea in reference to the esophagus?

<p>Anterior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does the trachea bifurcate?

<p>At T4-T5 (angle of Louis).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Are there any differences between the right and left main bronchus?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Fill in the next two spots on the list: trachea, carina, left and right main bronchi, ________, ________.

<p>lobar bronchi and tertiary bronchi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What comes after the left and right tertiary bronchi, and what occurs at this last location?

<p>The right and left bronchioles, terminating at the alveolar sacs where gas exchange occurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What vasculature deals with blood exchange of deoxygenated blood to the lungs?

<p>Pulmonary arteries and veins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the pulmonary arteries and veins work?

<p>Pulmonary arteries receive deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle and deliver it to the lungs for gas exchange; pulmonary veins deliver oxygenated blood to the left atrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many pulmonary veins enter the left atrium?

<p>Four: two from the left lung and two from the right.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many pulmonary veins are there leaving the pulmonary capillaries?

<p>Five: one for each lung lobe of both lungs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What supplies blood to the structural elements of the lungs?

<p>The bronchial arteries and veins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the bronchial arteries originate from?

<p>The thoracic descending arch of the aorta.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the sternal and parasternal nodes located?

<p>Placed along the internal thoracic artery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the sternal/parasternal nodes?

<p>Receive lymph from the medial breast, intercostal spaces, diaphragm, and supraumbilical region.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the intercostal nodes located?

<p>Near the heads of the ribs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the intercostal nodes?

<p>Receive lymph from the intercostal spaces and the pleura.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the intercostal nodes drain?

<p>The cisterna chyli and the thoracic duct.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are the phrenic nodes located?

<p>On the thoracic surface of the diaphragm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the phrenic nodes?

<p>Receive lymph from the diaphragm, pericardium, and liver.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the thoracic duct and is it the largest lymphatic vessel in the body?

<p>It originates in the abdomen and transcends along the descending aorta; yes, it is the largest in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a chylothorax?

<p>When there is damage to the thoracic duct leading to fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the parasympathetic innervating nerve of the lung?

<p>Vagus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the sympathetic innervating nerve of the lungs?

<p>Postganglionic fibers from T1-T4.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What divides the thoracic and abdominal cavities?

<p>Diaphragm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The left dome of the diaphragm lies below the stomach and the right diaphragm lies below the liver.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nerves supply the diaphragm with motor and sensory innervation?

<p>Right and left phrenic nerves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Are there any openings in the diaphragm?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is expiration an active or passive process?

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the accessory muscles of respiration and how do they work?

<p>Scalenes elevate and expand the chest; sternocleidomastoid lifts the sternum; superficial thoracic muscles include pec major/minor and anterior serratus; abdominal wall muscles are involved in forced exhalation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Jugular Notch and Sternal Angle

  • Jugular (suprasternal) notch is situated between the clavicles and marks the level of the 2nd thoracic vertebrae.
  • Sternal angle, also known as the Angle of Louis, is located between the manubrium and the body of the sternum and serves as a landmark for the 2nd rib, as well as T4-T5.

Xiphoid Process and Thoracic Cage

  • Xiphoid process is the protruding bone at the base of the sternum, located at T9.
  • The thoracic cage has two primary functions: protection of vital organs and serving as an attachment point for muscles.

Ribs

  • The ribcage contains 12 ribs:
    • True ribs (1-7) articulate directly with the sternum.
    • False ribs (8-12) do not articulate directly.
    • Floating ribs (11-12) articulate only with the vertebrae.
  • The weakest part of the rib is at the angle, making it most susceptible to fractures.

Muscles of Thorax

  • Superficial thoracic muscles include Pectoralis Major, Pectoralis Minor, and Serratus Anterior, which aid in arm elevation and act as accessory muscles of respiration.
  • Deep thoracic muscles, primarily intercostal muscles, form the thoracic wall and support rib movement during respiration.

Pleura and Mediastinum

  • The pleura consists of serous membranes lining the thoracic cavity and lungs, including parietal pleura (sensitive to pain) and visceral pleura.
  • The space between the pleura is known as the pleural space, containing pleural fluid for lubrication.

Pneumothorax and The Mediastinum

  • Pneumothorax occurs when air enters the pleural space, equalizing internal pressure and hindering lung expansion.
  • The mediastinum is the central compartment between pleural spaces, divided into superior (contains the thymus) and inferior sections.

Lung Anatomy

  • The lungs consist of lobes: right lung has superior, middle, and inferior; left lung has superior and inferior.
  • Lobes are separated by fissures: right lung has horizontal and oblique fissures; left lung has a single oblique fissure.

Respiratory Tract

  • Trachea is anterior to the esophagus and bifurcates at T4-T5 (Angle of Louis).
  • Right main bronchus is shorter and more vertical than the left.
  • Bronchioles terminate in alveolar sacs where gas exchange occurs.

Blood Supply and Lymphatics

  • Pulmonary arteries transport deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, while pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood to the left atrium.
  • Bronchial arteries supply blood to the lung structures, originating from the thoracic descending aorta.

Lymphatic System

  • Sternal and parasternal nodes are located along the internal thoracic artery, receiving lymph from the chest region.
  • Intercostal nodes are near the heads of the ribs and drain lymph from intercostal spaces into the cisterna chyli and thoracic duct.

Nervous and Diaphragm Innervation

  • The vagus nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the lungs, while sympathetic innervation arises from T1-T4 postganglionic fibers.
  • The diaphragm divides the thoracic and abdominal cavities and is innervated by the right and left phrenic nerves.

Respiratory Mechanics

  • Expiration is primarily a passive process unless forced.
  • Accessory muscles, including scalenes and sternocleidomastoid, assist in expanding the chest during respiration.

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Test your knowledge of key anatomical landmarks with these flashcards focusing on the jugular notch and sternal angle. Understand their locations and significance, essential for any anatomy student. Perfect for final exam preparation!

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