Questions and Answers
Where is the Jugular (suprasternal) notch located?
Located between the clavicles.
What is the sternal angle also known as?
Angle of Louis.
Where is the sternal angle located and what is it a landmark for?
Located between the manubrium and the body of the sternum at the articulation of the 2nd ribs, level of T4-T5.
Where is the xiphoid process located and what level is it situated at?
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What are the reference planes of the frontal plane in the thoracic cavity?
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What are the planes of reference in the axillary region?
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What are the two functions of the thoracic cage?
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How many ribs are there and what are the kinds of ribs?
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What is the weakest part of the rib and most susceptible to fracture?
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What part of the sternum contains the Jugular notch?
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What is another name for the Jugular notch?
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What organ landmarks does the sternal angle serve as?
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What ribs directly articulate with the sternum?
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What attaches to the xiphoid process?
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Where do the ribs attach to the vertebrae?
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What is the function of the superficial thoracic muscles?
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What muscles are characterized as shallow thoracic muscles?
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What is the function of the deep thoracic muscles?
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What are considered the deep thoracic muscles?
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Where does the blood supply to the thoracic wall come from?
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What are the pleura?
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What are the two types of pleura, and which is sensitive to pain?
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What is the parietal pleura and visceral pleura?
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What is the space between the visceral and parietal pleura called?
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What is contained in the pleural space and what is its function?
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What is a pneumothorax?
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What is the mediastinum?
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What is the location of the superior mediastinum?
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Where is the inferior mediastinum located?
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Where is the thymus located?
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What are the 4 regions of the lung and their locations?
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What are the lobes of the lungs?
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What separates the lobes of the right lung?
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What separates the lobes of the left lung?
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What is the space below the lung called?
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What is the space directly inferior to the heart?
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What are the functions of the recesses?
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Where is the trachea in reference to the esophagus?
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Where does the trachea bifurcate?
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Are there any differences between the right and left main bronchus?
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Fill in the next two spots on the list: trachea, carina, left and right main bronchi, ________, ________.
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What comes after the left and right tertiary bronchi, and what occurs at this last location?
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What vasculature deals with blood exchange of deoxygenated blood to the lungs?
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How do the pulmonary arteries and veins work?
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How many pulmonary veins enter the left atrium?
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How many pulmonary veins are there leaving the pulmonary capillaries?
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What supplies blood to the structural elements of the lungs?
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Where do the bronchial arteries originate from?
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Where are the sternal and parasternal nodes located?
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What is the function of the sternal/parasternal nodes?
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Where are the intercostal nodes located?
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What is the function of the intercostal nodes?
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Where do the intercostal nodes drain?
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Where are the phrenic nodes located?
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What is the function of the phrenic nodes?
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Where is the thoracic duct and is it the largest lymphatic vessel in the body?
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What is a chylothorax?
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What is the parasympathetic innervating nerve of the lung?
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What is the sympathetic innervating nerve of the lungs?
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What divides the thoracic and abdominal cavities?
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The left dome of the diaphragm lies below the stomach and the right diaphragm lies below the liver.
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What nerves supply the diaphragm with motor and sensory innervation?
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Are there any openings in the diaphragm?
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Is expiration an active or passive process?
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What are the accessory muscles of respiration and how do they work?
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Study Notes
Jugular Notch and Sternal Angle
- Jugular (suprasternal) notch is situated between the clavicles and marks the level of the 2nd thoracic vertebrae.
- Sternal angle, also known as the Angle of Louis, is located between the manubrium and the body of the sternum and serves as a landmark for the 2nd rib, as well as T4-T5.
Xiphoid Process and Thoracic Cage
- Xiphoid process is the protruding bone at the base of the sternum, located at T9.
- The thoracic cage has two primary functions: protection of vital organs and serving as an attachment point for muscles.
Ribs
- The ribcage contains 12 ribs:
- True ribs (1-7) articulate directly with the sternum.
- False ribs (8-12) do not articulate directly.
- Floating ribs (11-12) articulate only with the vertebrae.
- The weakest part of the rib is at the angle, making it most susceptible to fractures.
Muscles of Thorax
- Superficial thoracic muscles include Pectoralis Major, Pectoralis Minor, and Serratus Anterior, which aid in arm elevation and act as accessory muscles of respiration.
- Deep thoracic muscles, primarily intercostal muscles, form the thoracic wall and support rib movement during respiration.
Pleura and Mediastinum
- The pleura consists of serous membranes lining the thoracic cavity and lungs, including parietal pleura (sensitive to pain) and visceral pleura.
- The space between the pleura is known as the pleural space, containing pleural fluid for lubrication.
Pneumothorax and The Mediastinum
- Pneumothorax occurs when air enters the pleural space, equalizing internal pressure and hindering lung expansion.
- The mediastinum is the central compartment between pleural spaces, divided into superior (contains the thymus) and inferior sections.
Lung Anatomy
- The lungs consist of lobes: right lung has superior, middle, and inferior; left lung has superior and inferior.
- Lobes are separated by fissures: right lung has horizontal and oblique fissures; left lung has a single oblique fissure.
Respiratory Tract
- Trachea is anterior to the esophagus and bifurcates at T4-T5 (Angle of Louis).
- Right main bronchus is shorter and more vertical than the left.
- Bronchioles terminate in alveolar sacs where gas exchange occurs.
Blood Supply and Lymphatics
- Pulmonary arteries transport deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, while pulmonary veins return oxygenated blood to the left atrium.
- Bronchial arteries supply blood to the lung structures, originating from the thoracic descending aorta.
Lymphatic System
- Sternal and parasternal nodes are located along the internal thoracic artery, receiving lymph from the chest region.
- Intercostal nodes are near the heads of the ribs and drain lymph from intercostal spaces into the cisterna chyli and thoracic duct.
Nervous and Diaphragm Innervation
- The vagus nerve provides parasympathetic innervation to the lungs, while sympathetic innervation arises from T1-T4 postganglionic fibers.
- The diaphragm divides the thoracic and abdominal cavities and is innervated by the right and left phrenic nerves.
Respiratory Mechanics
- Expiration is primarily a passive process unless forced.
- Accessory muscles, including scalenes and sternocleidomastoid, assist in expanding the chest during respiration.
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Test your knowledge of key anatomical landmarks with these flashcards focusing on the jugular notch and sternal angle. Understand their locations and significance, essential for any anatomy student. Perfect for final exam preparation!