Anatomy Exam 1 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

Actin are found within which muscle types? (Select all that apply)

  • Skeletal (correct)
  • Smooth (correct)
  • Cardiac (correct)
  • None of the above

    • Sarcomeres are found within which muscle types? (Select all that apply)

  • Skeletal (correct)
  • Smooth
  • Cardiac (correct)
  • None of the above

    • Mitochondria are found within which muscle types? (Select all that apply)

  • Skeletal (correct)
  • Smooth (correct)
  • Cardiac (correct)
  • None of the above

    • Ribosomes are found within which muscle types? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Skeletal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intermediate filaments are found within which muscle types? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Skeletal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Myosin are found within which muscle types? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Skeletal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement below is NOT a characteristic of epithelia?

    <p>Epithelia are highly vascularized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cell junction is also referred to as an anchoring junction?

    <p>Desmosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lateral surfaces of epithelial cells are characterized by _____?

    <p>specialized cell junctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Has a supportive connective tissue layer beneath the basal surface is the same in all epithelia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Number of cell layers found in an epithelium is the same in all epithelia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Has nervous innervation is the same in all epithelia.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A lack of blood vessels running through the epithelium is the same in all epithelia.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is only found lining a body cavity is the same in all epithelia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cell shapes is the same in all epithelia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can regenerate itself is the same in all epithelia.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Always has a distinct apical surface is the same in all epithelia.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Has cilia is the same in all epithelia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Types and numbers of cell-to-cell contacts is the same in all epithelia.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of epithelial tissue lines the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs?

    <p>Simple squamous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of this epithelial type?

    <p>Diffusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic of this epithelial tissue type makes it good at what it does but also makes it susceptible to damage from mechanical forces such as abrasion from asbestos?

    <p>It lacks multiple cell layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which layer of the skin are sebaceous glands located?

    <p>Reticular layer of the dermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which skin structures function in temperature regulation?

    <p>Eccrine sweat glands and vascular plexuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the tissue types that make up the layers of the skin from superficial to deep.

    <p>Stratified squamous epithelium; areolar connective tissue; dense irregular connective tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Connective Tissue Proper, which cell type secretes the fiber matrix?

    <p>Fibroblast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which major classes of connective tissues contain collagen?

    <p>Cartilage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are subtypes of Connective Tissue Proper?

    <p>Loose CT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are subtypes of Loose CT?

    <p>Areolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are the major types of cartilage?

    <p>Elastic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic distinguishes a loose CT from a dense CT?

    <p>Density of fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the way in which epithelial tissues are characterized?

    <p>By the shape of the cells at the apical surface and the arrangement of the nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Simple squamous?

    <p>Thin layer of cells that allows for the fast diffusion of substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Stratified squamous?

    <p>Provides a significant amount of protection from abrasion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Simple cuboidal?

    <p>Allows for rapid diffusion but also produces secretions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Stratified cuboidal?

    <p>Produces secretions while preventing damage to the underlying layers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Simple columnar?

    <p>Cells are the most active in secretion and absorption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Dense connective tissue?

    <p>A component of connective tissue proper composed of tightly packed collagen fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some types of Dense CT?

    <p>Regular, Irregular, Elastic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Loose Connective Tissue?

    <p>A tissue with fibers organized loosely, allowing for space and flexibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some types of Loose CT?

    <p>Areolar, Adipose, Reticular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of loose CT?

    <p>Surrounds the human eye in order to protect and cushion it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Dense CT?

    <p>Attaches muscle to bone and has the ability to resist tension due to the thick collagen fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Bone made up of?

    <p>Contains organic and inorganic substances in the extracellular matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is blood used for?

    <p>Fluid medium used for the transport of gases and nutrients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cartilage do?

    <p>Ground substance is able to hold fluid and is resistant to compression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some qualities of Epithelial tissue?

    <ul> <li>Apical surface that faces an open space</li> <li>Stratified columnar</li> <li>Can aid in absorption and secretion</li> <li>Can aid in diffusion and protection</li> <li>Tightly packed cells held together by cell-to-cell adhesion molecules</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some qualities of Connective tissue?

    <ul> <li>Can have large amount of collagen</li> <li>Dense irregular</li> <li>Binds and protects</li> <li>Stores nutrients and transports</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

    Melanocytes are incorrectly shown, scattered throughout multiple epidermal layers and should only be in the stratum basale layer.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hair follicle is incorrectly shown in the epidermis and should extend into the dermis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dendritic cell (Langerhans' cell) is incorrectly drawn in the stratum basale and should be located in the stratum spinosum.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Merkel cell is incorrectly shown in the stratum spinosum and should be in the stratum basale.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The neuronal fiber is incorrectly shown as innervating a Merkel cell and it should be innervating a Langerhans' cell.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cells are incorrectly shown flattening as they are closer to the skin surface and should remain the same shape throughout the entire epidermis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some characteristics of Hyaline Cartilage?

    <ul> <li>Articular cartilage of a joint</li> <li>Costal cartilage</li> <li>Cartilages in nose</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some characteristics of Elastic Cartilage?

    <ul> <li>Cartilage in external ear</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some characteristics of Fibrocartilage?

    <ul> <li>Pubic symphysis</li> <li>Cartilage in intervertebral disc</li> <li>Meniscus (padlike cartilage in knee joint)</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

    If a blood vessel in the central canal burst, could a red blood cell (7um in diameter) enter the canaliculi of compact bone? Explain why or why not.

    <p>No, because canaliculi are much smaller than the diameter of a red blood cell.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the previous answer, what can you deduce about the relationship between the structure of compact bone and its blood supply?

    <p>Osteons are limited in size by the distance that nutrients can diffuse through canaliculi to reach the osteocytes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relative strength of an osteoporosis bone compared to a normal bone?

    <p>Weaker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relative strength of an osteomalacia bone compared to a normal bone?

    <p>Weaker</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes an osteoporosis bone?

    <p>Full of holes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes an osteomalacia bone?

    <p>Bendable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the mechanism of osteoporosis?

    <p>Osteoclasts work faster than osteoblasts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the mechanism of osteomalacia?

    <p>Not enough calcium is added to bone matrix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Skeletal muscle look like?

    <p>Skeletal muscle has a striated appearance and is composed of long, cylindrical fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the epimysium and tendons related?

    <p>The tendon is a continuation of the epimysium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function is associated with skeletal muscle cells?

    <p>Can pull only.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify what structures in a skeletal muscle will shorten in length during contraction of the muscle.

    <p>Sarcomere</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Intercalated discs are found within which muscle types?

    <p>Cardiac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Striations are found within which muscle types?

    <p>Skeletal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Muscles that are over a foot in length exist within which muscle types?

    <p>Skeletal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Epithelial Tissue Characteristics

    • Epithelia lack blood vessels and are therefore not vascularized; they rely on diffusion for nutrient supply from underlying connective tissue.
    • Desmosomes serve as anchoring junctions between adjacent epithelial cells, allowing flexibility and movement.
    • Specialized cell junctions, such as tight junctions and gap junctions, are found on the lateral surfaces of epithelial cells.
    • Features such as nervous innervation, absence of blood vessels, and regeneration capabilities are consistent across all epithelial types.
    • Variability in features like the number of cell layers, cell shapes, and presence of cilia exists depending on the specific type and location of epithelium.

    Types of Epithelial Tissue

    • Simple squamous epithelium is found lining alveoli and is primarily for diffusion.
    • Stratified squamous epithelium provides protection against abrasion due to multiple layers of cells.
    • Simple cuboidal epithelium aids in secretion and absorption while allowing for rapid diffusion.
    • Simple columnar epithelium is specialized for absorption and secretion, featuring a high level of activity in these processes.

    Skin and Connective Tissue

    • Sebaceous glands are located in the reticular layer of the dermis, associated closely with hair follicles.
    • Eccrine sweat glands and vascular plexuses in the skin play key roles in temperature regulation.
    • Layers of skin consist of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) and a dermis made of areolar and dense irregular connective tissue.

    Connective Tissue Types

    • Connective Tissue Proper includes Loose and Dense subtypes.
    • Loose connective tissue, such as areolar and adipose, has fewer fibers and more ground substance, allowing for flexibility and cushioning.
    • Dense connective tissue contains tightly packed collagen fibers, providing strong structural reinforcement in ligaments and tendons.
    • Major types of cartilage include fibrocartilage, elastic, and hyaline, each serving unique functions and located in specific regions of the body.

    Bone and Blood

    • Bone comprises organic and inorganic materials within its extracellular matrix to provide structural integrity.
    • Blood serves as a fluid medium for the transport of gases and nutrients throughout the body.

    Muscle Tissue Characteristics

    • Skeletal muscle fibers are long and capable of contraction through filament sliding mechanisms.
    • Cardiac muscle features intercalated discs, facilitating coordinated contractions.
    • Striated muscle types include cardiac and skeletal muscle, while smooth muscle lacks striations.

    Pathology

    • Osteoporosis results in weaker bones with a honeycomb structure due to the rapid breakdown by osteoclasts compared to osteoblast activity.
    • Osteomalacia is characterized by a softening of bones due to insufficient calcium, making them pliable and more susceptible to bending.

    Cell Components in Muscles

    • Skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles contain actin and myosin, essential for contraction.
    • Mitochondria are present in all muscle types, highlighting their energy requirements for sustained function.
    • Ribosomes are found in skeletal and smooth muscles, supporting protein synthesis necessary for muscle repair and growth.

    Additional Facts

    • Melanocytes, which produce skin pigment, should reside in the stratum basale layer, not scattered throughout other epidermal layers.
    • Muscle contraction results in the shortening of muscle fibers, fascicles, myofibrils, and sarcomeres, driving movement and force generation.

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    Test your knowledge of key concepts in anatomy with these flashcards for Exam 1. Focus on the characteristics of epithelial tissue and distinguish between correct and incorrect statements. Perfect for review before your anatomy test.

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