Anatomy Directional Terms Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which physiological change in old age can lead to constipation?

  • Enhanced gastrointestinal motility
  • Slowing of smooth muscle contraction (correct)
  • Increase in smooth muscle contraction
  • Decrease in epithelial tissue activity
  • What is the main function of epithelial tissues?

  • Storing nutrients
  • Protecting organs from physical damage (correct)
  • Facilitating gas exchange
  • Creating energy
  • What is the role of a basement membrane in epithelial tissues?

  • Acting as a barrier against pathogens
  • Aiding in muscular movement
  • Separating epithelium from connective tissue (correct)
  • Increasing cell mitosis
  • Which cellular feature allows epithelial cells to rapidly replace damaged cells?

    <p>High rate of mitosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of cilia in epithelial cells?

    <p>Move substances along the cell surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do epithelial tissues rely on a basement membrane?

    <p>For support and nourishment as they are avascular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do microvilli contribute to the function of epithelial cells?

    <p>Increase surface area for absorption or secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of epithelial cells acting as a barrier?

    <p>Preventing mechanical damage to underlying tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of epithelial tissue's interaction with internal and external environments?

    <p>To act as a protective barrier and facilitate nutrient exchange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do epithelial cells contribute to maintaining tissue integrity?

    <p>By having a high rate of mitosis for rapid cell replacement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Anatomical Directions

    • Posterior (or dorsal) refers to the back or direction towards the back of the body
    • Superior (or cranial) refers to a position above or higher than another part of the body
    • Inferior (or caudal) refers to a position below or lower than another part of the body
    • Lateral refers to the side or direction towards the side of the body
    • Medial refers to the middle or direction towards the middle of the body
    • Proximal refers to a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body
    • Distal refers to a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body
    • Superficial refers to a position closer to the surface of the body
    • Deep refers to a position farther from the surface of the body

    Body Cavities

    • Two major cavities: thoracic cavity and abdominal pelvic cavity
    • Separated by the diaphragm
    • Act to protect vital functions and allow organs to expand without disturbing other surrounding tissue

    Cell Structure

    • A cell can be divided into three main parts: plasma (cell) membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus
    • Organelles within the cytoplasm:
      • Membranous organelles: covered with their own plasma membrane, isolating them from the cytosol
      • Non-membranous organelles: no membrane, in direct contact with the cytosol
    • Nucleus:
      • Contains genetic material (DNA)
      • Regulates cell activities
      • Surrounded by a double membrane (nuclear envelope)
      • Contains nucleolus, involved in ribosome synthesis
    • Mitochondria:
      • Powerhouse of the cell
      • Site of cellular respiration
      • Generates ATP (adenosine triphosphate) energy
      • Has its own DNA (mitochondrial DNA)
    • Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
      • Rough ER: studded with ribosomes, involved in protein synthesis and processing
      • Smooth ER: synthesizes lipids, detoxifies drugs and toxins
    • Golgi Apparatus:
      • Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids
      • Forms vesicles for transport within the cell or secretion outside the cell
    • Lysosomes:
      • Contain digestive enzymes
      • Break down cellular waste, foreign substances, and damaged organelles
      • Recycling center of the cell
    • Ribosomes:
      • Site of protein synthesis
      • Can be free in the cytoplasm or bound to the rough ER

    Cell Specialization

    • Cells vary greatly in size and shape, with around 200 different types in the human body
    • Cell signaling and recognition:
      • Integral proteins and carbohydrates on the cell surface are involved in cell signaling and recognition
      • Receptor proteins bind to specific signaling molecules, triggering cellular responses
    • Cell surface carbohydrates participate in cell recognition and immune responses
    • Cellular transport:
      • Integral proteins facilitate the transport of ions and molecules across the membrane
      • Channel proteins form pores for passive transport, allowing ions to move down their concentration gradient
      • Carrier proteins undergo conformational changes to transport specific molecules against their concentration gradient (active transport)
    • Cell adhesion and support:
      • Membrane proteins and carbohydrates mediate cell-cell adhesion and interactions with the extracellular matrix
      • This adhesion is crucial for tissue formation, structural integrity, and stability of multicellular organisms

    Membrane Transport

    • Small, uncharged, lipid-soluble molecules can cross the lipid bilayer from ECF to ICF by simple diffusion
    • Pinocytosis is a process where the cell sips up fluid and dissolved nutrients
    • Phagocytosis is a process where the cell engulfs large particles or debris
    • Tonicity:
      • Isotonic solutions have the same solute concentration as inside the cell
      • Hypertonic solutions have a higher concentration of solutes compared to inside the cell
      • Hypotonic solutions have a lower concentration of solutes compared to inside the cell

    Body Systems

    • 11 body systems and their functions:
      • Respiratory: breathing, lungs, trachea
      • Cardiovascular/Circulatory: blood circulation, heart, arteries, veins, blood
      • Digestive: processing food, mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, accessory organs
      • Endocrine: hormone production, glands throughout the body
      • Urinary: waste elimination, kidneys, bladder
      • Reproductive: reproduction, uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes
      • Nervous/Sensory: communication between and coordination of all body systems, nervous, brain, nerves, sensory
      • Integumentary: protects against damage, skin, hair, nails
      • Muscular/Skeletal: provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body, muscles, bones
      • Hematopoietic/Lymphatic: blood production, maintenance of fluid balance, and defense against disease, bone marrow, spleen, tonsils, lymph fluid, nodes, ducts, vessels

    Cell Communication

    • Direct communication: juxtacrine (near) gap junction, contains two connexons per gap junction, allows cell-to-cell communication, direct small molecule, ions, glucose, very fast, gap junction in heart, brain, and smooth muscles
    • Five main types of indirect cell-to-cell communication

    Epithelial Tissue

    • Cellularity and tissue organization:
      • Epithelial tissues consist of closely packed cells with minimal extracellular matrix
      • Form continuous sheets that cover body surfaces, line cavities and organs, and create glands
    • High mitotic activity: epithelial cells have a high rate of mitosis, allowing for rapid replacement and repair of damaged cells
    • Interaction with environments: epithelium interacts with both internal and external environments, acts as a barrier, protects underlying tissues from mechanical damage, pathogens, and dehydration, and facilitates the exchange of nutrients and wastes between body compartments
    • Basement membrane: separates the epithelium from underlying connective tissue, facilitates the exchange of substances between epithelial cells and blood vessels
    • Specializations: epithelial cells exhibit various specializations to perform specific functions effectively, examples include cilia, which move substances along the cell surface, and microvilli, which increase surface area for absorption or secretion

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    Description

    Test your knowledge of anatomical directional terms with this quiz. Identify the meanings of terms like posterior, superior, inferior, and lateral based on examples provided.

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