Anatomy Chapter 5 Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What is the hypodermis and its functions?

The hypodermis is a subcutaneous fatty layer of adipose and areolar connective tissues lying under the dermis. Functions include temperature regulation, shock absorption, fat and water storage, and attachment of skin to underlying tissues.

Hairs are nonliving structures.

True

What type of cells is hair composed of?

Keratinized dead cells

Where is hair produced?

<p>A hair follicle anchors each hair into the skin, with the hair bulb forming the base where living cells divide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the root hair plexus?

<p>It serves as a mechanoreceptor for touch sensation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the arrector pili muscle?

<p>It contracts to generate heat and causes hair to stand up.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of the hair shaft?

<p>The cuticle, the cortex, and sometimes the medulla.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Lanugo?

<p>Lanugo is a type of fine hair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sebaceous glands are holocrine glands.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sebaceous glands discharge into the hair follicle.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sebaceous follicles are large sebaceous glands that are not associated with the hair follicle.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the lipid secreted by the sebaceous gland known as?

<p>Sebum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Seborrheic dermatitis?

<p>A skin condition characterized by flaking of the skin, such as dandruff.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of sweat glands in the skin?

<p>Merocrine and Apocrine glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are apocrine glands found?

<p>Mainly in the armpits and groin area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are merocrine sweat glands located?

<p>Everywhere on the body, with the highest number located on the palms and soles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of merocrine sweat glands?

<p>Cooling the surface of the skin, excreting water and electrolytes, and providing protection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the ceruminous gland?

<p>External ear canal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nail production occurs at the nail root.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cuticle is also known as eponychium.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the steps involved in repairing the integument following an injury?

<p>Bleeding occurs, inflammatory response is triggered, scab stabilizes the area, germinative cells migrate, macrophages clean the area, and granulation tissue is produced.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is granulation tissue?

<p>A combination of blood clot, fibroblasts, and an extensive capillary network.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a tattoo is removed, scars often remain.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the effects of aging on the skin?

<p>Epidermal thinning, decreased numbers of dendritic cells, decreased vitamin D3 production, decreased glandular activity, reduced blood supply, decreased hair follicle function, reduction of elastic fibers, decreased hormone levels, and slower repair rate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary functions of the skeletal system?

<p>Support, protection, movement, blood cell production, and mineral storage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the different types of bones: long, short, flat, and irregular.

<p>Long bones are longer than they are wide, short bones are as wide as they are long, flat bones are thin and flat, and irregular bones do not fit into any other category.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give examples of long bones, short bones, flat bones, and irregular bones.

<p>Long: Femur and Humerus; Short: Carpals and Tarsals; Flat: Scapula and Sternum; Irregular: Vertebrae and Sacrum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the bones that contain paranasal sinuses.

<p>Frontal, Ethmoid, Sphenoid, and Maxillary.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a sesamoid bone? Give an example.

<p>Sesamoid bones develop within tendons. An example is the knee (patella).</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name all the bone cells.

<p>Osteocytes, Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts, and Osteoprogenitor cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a lacuna?

<p>A small space containing an osteocyte in bone or a chondrocyte in cartilage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the canaliculi and their function.

<p>Canaliculi are cross channels that connect osteocytes, allowing them to share nutrients and communicate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is osteolysis?

<p>The pathological destruction or disappearance of bone tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is osteogenesis?

<p>The formation of bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the two types of osseous tissue.

<p>Compact and spongy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of osseous tissue reduces the weight of the skeleton?

<p>Spongy bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bone is adapted to withstand stresses from a limited range of directions?

<p>Compact bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the periosteum?

<p>A dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping all bones except the surfaces of the joints.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of osteoprogenitor cells?

<p>In the inner layer of periosteum, endosteum, and lining of Haversian canals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where are osteoclasts more numerous?

<p>They are more numerous in areas of active bone remodeling.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the four tissue types.

<p>Muscular, connective, epithelial, and nervous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which tissue type does bone belong to?

<p>Connective tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is bone tissue vascular?

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the central canal?

<p>In the center of an osteon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the position of the perforating canal?

<p>Perpendicular to the central canals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is characteristic of compact bone?

<p>Osteons are characteristic of compact bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional unit of compact bone?

<p>The osteon.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the osteon?

<p>The osteon is the basic structural unit of compact bone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Haversian system?

<p>It refers to the osteon and its central canal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the position of the osteon in relation to the diaphysis?

<p>The osteons run parallel to the diaphysis of long bones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hypodermis

  • Subcutaneous layer composed of adipose and areolar connective tissues located below the dermis.
  • Common cells include fibroblasts, adipose cells, and macrophages.
  • Varies in distribution based on diet, gender, age, and genetics.
  • Functions:
    • Temperature regulation through insulation.
    • Acts as a shock absorber for physical impacts.
    • Stores fat and water, with varying patterns of deposition between genders.
    • Attaches the skin to underlying tissues allowing freedom of movement.

Hair Structure and Functions

  • Hair is nonliving and composed of keratinized dead cells for protection and insulation.
  • Hair follicles anchor hair into the skin; hair bulbs are the sites of cell division and hair shaft formation.
  • Root hair plexus functions as a mechanoreceptor, detecting hair movement and sending nerve impulses.
  • Arrector pili muscles contract to generate heat in cold temperatures, causing hair to stand erect.

Hair Layers

  • Hair shaft consists of the cuticle (outermost layer), cortex (provides elasticity and strength), and sometimes medulla (soft tissue center in coarse hair).
  • The cuticle protects inner layers from damage; the cortex is made of long, coiled proteins.

Glandular Functions

  • Sebaceous glands are holocrine glands, but not all discharge into hair follicles.
  • Sebaceous follicles are large glands that can operate independently of hair follicles.
  • Lipid secreted by sebaceous glands promotes skin hydration and protection.
  • Seborrheic dermatitis characterized by flaking skin, as seen in dandruff.

Sweat Glands

  • Two main types: merocrine (eccrine) and apocrine glands.
  • Apocrine glands, located mainly in armpits and groin, produce odoriferous sweat.
  • Merocrine glands are widely distributed and primarily function in thermoregulation and waste excretion.

Nail Anatomy

  • Nail production occurs at the nail root; the cuticle is also known as eponychium.

Injury and Repair Mechanism

  • Healing involves bleeding, inflammatory response triggered by mast cells, formation of a scab, migration of germinative cells, cleanup by macrophages, and granulation tissue formation.
  • Granulation tissue comprises blood clot and fibroblast network; keloids are thickened scar tissue.

Aging Effects

  • Aging results in epidermal thinning, reduced dendritic cells, decreased vitamin D3 production, diminished gland activity, lower blood supply, and slower tissue repair.

Skeletal System Functions

  • Primary functions include support, protection, movement, blood cell production, and mineral storage.

Bone Classification

  • Types include long (e.g., femur), short (e.g., carpals), flat (e.g., scapula), and irregular bones (e.g., vertebrae).
  • Sesamoid bones, like the patella, develop within tendons.

Bone Cells and Matrix

  • Major bone cells: osteocytes (mature cells), osteoblasts (bone-forming), osteoclasts (bone-resorbing), and osteoprogenitor cells (stem cells).
  • Organic matrix contains collagen; inorganic matrix includes calcium and phosphorus.

Bone Structure

  • Compact bone provides structural strength and resists stresses, while spongy bone reduces weight.
  • Periosteum is the outer dense connective tissue layer, while endosteum lines the medullary cavity.
  • Central canal houses blood vessels and nerves; osteons are functional units of compact bone.

Overall Tissue Characteristics

  • Bone tissue considered connective and is highly vascularized.
  • Lacunae are small spaces housing osteocytes, connected by canaliculi for nutrient exchange.

Important Terminology

  • Osteolysis: destruction of bone tissue.
  • Osteogenesis: formation of bone.
  • Canaliculi function to connect osteocytes for nutrient sharing.

This structured overview encapsulates the essential characteristics and functions related to anatomy, particularly focusing on the integumentary and skeletal systems.

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Test your knowledge of the hypodermis and its functions with these flashcards from Anatomy Chapter 5. This resource will help you understand the structure and role of the hypodermis in human anatomy. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their learning on skin layers.

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