Anatomy Chapter 4 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What is tissue?

A group of cells of similar structure that perform a common function.

Which of the following are the 4 basic types of tissue?

Connective tissue (correct)

Epithelium (correct)

Muscle tissue (correct)

Nervous tissue (correct)

What do tissues serve as the building blocks of?

The body's organs.

What is epithelia?

A sheet of cells that cover a body surface or lines a body cavity. Signup and view all the answers

Where do epithelia occur?

At the interfaces between two different environments. Signup and view all the answers

What are two functions of epithelia?

Protects the underlying tissues and contains nerve endings for sensory reception. Signup and view all the answers

What functions do epithelia serve regarding substances?

Secretion, absorption, and ion transport. Signup and view all the answers

What are special characteristics of epithelia?

Innervated Signup and view all the answers

How is epithelial tissue named?

The first name indicates the number of cell layers, and the last name describes the shape of the cells. Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium consists of a single layer of flat cells?

Simple squamous epithelium. Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue provides a base for tissues and organs?

Connective tissue. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of connective tissue?

Epithelial Signup and view all the answers

What are the characteristics of loose connective tissue?

Fibers provide support, ground substance holds fluids, defense cells fight infection, fat cells store nutrients. Signup and view all the answers

What is all the cells of our body bathed in?

Tissue fluid (or interstitial fluid). Signup and view all the answers

Name the cells that work to defend the body.

Macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils. Signup and view all the answers

What are macrophages commonly known as?

"Big eaters". Signup and view all the answers

What do plasma cells secrete?

Antibodies. Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of mast cells?

Mediate inflammation and play a role in repairing fibers, ground substance, and blood vessels. Signup and view all the answers

Which blood cells leave the bloodstream to fight infection?

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils. Signup and view all the answers

Where does most adipose (fat) tissue occur?

In the hypodermis. Signup and view all the answers

Dense connective tissue contains more collagen than?

Loose connective tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of dense connective tissue?

Irregular, regular, elastic. Signup and view all the answers

What is dense irregular connective tissue primarily found?

In the leathery dermis of the skin. Signup and view all the answers

What are the main components of dense regular connective tissue?

Collagen fibers that run parallel to the direction of pull. Signup and view all the answers

What is fascia?

A fibrous membrane that wraps around muscles, muscle groups, large vessels, and nerves. Signup and view all the answers

What predominates in elastic connective tissue?

Elastic fibers. Signup and view all the answers

What are cartilage and bone known for?

Resisting compression and tension. Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue is cartilage?

Firm but flexible connective tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What is the only cell type found in cartilage?

Chondrocyte. Signup and view all the answers

What do chondroblasts do?

Secrete the matrix during cartilage growth. Signup and view all the answers

What are the three types of cartilage?

Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage. Signup and view all the answers

What type of connective tissue is bone tissue?

Type of connective tissue that supports and protects. Signup and view all the answers

What are osteoblasts known as?

"Bone formers". Signup and view all the answers

What are osteoclasts responsible for?

Inhibiting cavities called lacunae in hardened matrix. Signup and view all the answers

What is blood often classified as?

Atypical connective tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What does blood transport in the cardiovascular system?

Defense cells, nutrients, wastes, respiratory gases, and other substances. Signup and view all the answers

What do covering and lining membranes combine?

Connective and epithelial tissue. Signup and view all the answers

Name the three types of covering and lining membranes.

Cutaneous, mucous, serous. Signup and view all the answers

What is the cutaneous membrane?

The skin. Signup and view all the answers

What does the mucous membrane line?

The inside of every hollow internal organ that opens to the outside. Signup and view all the answers

What do serous membranes line?

Closed pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities. Signup and view all the answers

Why are muscle and nervous tissue sometimes called composite tissue?

Because they contain small amounts of areolar connective tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What are muscle tissues primarily composed of?

Muscle fibers. Signup and view all the answers

How many types of muscle tissue are there?

Three types: skeletal, cardiac, smooth. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Tissue Overview

Tissues consist of groups of similar cells performing a common function.
Four primary tissue types: epithelium (covering), connective tissue (support), muscle tissue (movement), nervous tissue (control).

Epithelium Characteristics

Epithelia cover body surfaces and line cavities; almost all outer and inner surfaces are covered by them.
Epithelia function at interfaces between different environments, acting as protective layers and sensory receptors.

Functions of Epithelium

Protects underlying tissues from damage.
Contains nerve endings for sensory reception.
Facilitates secretion, absorption, and ion transport.
Filters body fluids and forms slippery surfaces for movement.

Special Features of Epithelia

Composed predominantly of cells with minimal extracellular matrix.
Cells are interconnected by specialized contacts, and exhibit polarity (distinct apical and basal surfaces).
Supported by an underlying layer of connective tissue.
Avascular but innervated; receive nutrients from underlying tissues and have nerve endings.
High regenerative capacity with rapid cell division when provided adequate nutrition.

Epithelial Classification

Classification based on cell layers: simple (one layer) or stratified (multiple layers).
Classification by cell shape: squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube-shaped), columnar (taller than wide).

Types of Simple Epithelia

Simple squamous: single layer of flat cells, allowing rapid diffusion and filtration; found in capillaries and lungs.
Simple cuboidal: single layer of cube-shaped cells, active in absorption and secretion; located in kidney tubules and gland ducts.
Simple columnar: single layer of tall cells, involved in absorption and secretion; lines the digestive tract.

Specialized Epithelia

Pseudostratified columnar: appears stratified due to varying cell heights but is a single layer; found in respiratory tubes.
Stratified squamous: thickest type, providing protection; forms the outer layer of skin and linings of mouth and esophagus.
Transitional epithelium: allows stretching and is found in urinary organs, adapting thickness as the organs fill.

Glandular Epithelia

Glands are epithelial cells that secrete products; they can be exocrine (with ducts) or endocrine (ductless).
Exocrine glands secrete directly onto body surfaces; examples include sweat, salivary glands, and pancreas.
Unicellular exocrine glands, like goblet cells, produce mucus for lubrication and protection.

Cell Junctions and Connections

Lateral surface features include tight junctions, adherens junctions, desmosomes, and gap junctions, which help bind epithelial cells.
Tight junctions create a seal to prevent leakage between cells; adherens junctions reinforce these seals.
Desmosomes provide anchoring between cells under mechanical stress, while gap junctions allow intercellular communication.

Basement Membrane

The basal lamina, a noncellular layer, provides support and acts as a filter for molecules from connective tissues.
It is composed of proteins secreted by epithelial cells and is crucial for cell migration during regeneration.

Connective Tissue Overview

Connective tissue is the most diverse and abundant tissue type in the body, providing support, binding organs, and leading defense against infections.
Four main classes: connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, blood.

Characteristics of Connective Tissue

Contains few cells and extensive extracellular matrix which comprises ground substance and fibers.
All connective tissue originates from embryonic mesenchyme and can be classified into loose or dense types based on fiber density.

Protein Fibers in Connective Tissue

Collagen fibers: strong and abundant, providing tensile strength.
Reticular fibers: delicate networks support structures within connective tissue.
Elastic fibers: allow for flexibility and resilience, containing elastin.

Fibroblast Role

Fibroblasts are the predominant cell type in connective tissue proper, responsible for producing the extracellular matrix components.### Characteristics of Connective Tissue
Loose connective tissue supports organs with fibers and a ground substance that retains fluids.
Defense against infection is provided by specialized cells within the tissue; fat cells store energy.

Tissue Fluid

Tissue fluid, also known as interstitial fluid, bathes all cells.
This fluid is derived from blood plasma and is held by the ground substance in the extracellular matrix.

Defense Cells

Macrophages: Oval-shaped "big eaters" capable of engulfing foreign materials and dead cells.
Plasma cells: Egg-shaped cells that produce antibodies to tag foreign entities for destruction.
Mast cells: Cells containing granules that mediate inflammation and aid in tissue repair.
Neutrophils, lymphocytes, and eosinophils: White blood cells that exit the bloodstream to combat infections.

Adipose Tissue

Most adipose (fat) tissue is found in the hypodermis, the layer beneath the skin.

Dense Connective Tissue

Contains higher collagen concentrations compared to loose connective tissue.
Types of dense connective tissue include irregular, regular, and elastic.

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Provides resilience to various stresses; characterized by randomly arranged fibers.
Predominantly found in the dermis of the skin.

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Features parallel collagen fibers in alignment with the direction of pull.
Lacks fat cells and defense cells; comprises ligaments, tendons, and aponeuroses.

Fascia

A fibrous membrane encasing muscles, muscle groups, large vessels, and nerves.

Elastic Connective Tissue

Predominantly composed of elastic fibers, allowing for significant recoil.
Found in arterial walls and surrounding bronchi in the lungs.

Cartilage

A firm yet flexible connective tissue comprised of 80% water.
Lacks blood vessels and nerves; contains chondrocytes housed in lacunae.

Types of Cartilage

Hyaline cartilage: Smooth and glassy, providing support and flexibility.
Elastic cartilage: Contains elastic fibers for greater flexibility.
Fibrocartilage: Provides tough support, found in intervertebral discs.

Bone Tissue

A robust connective tissue capable of withstanding compression and tension.
Contains inorganic calcium and abundant collagen fibers for structural integrity.

Bone Cells

Osteoblasts: Immature bone cells that synthesize collagen and ground substance; initiate matrix mineralization.
Osteoclasts: Mature bone cells that reside in lacunae and are involved in bone remodeling.

Blood as Connective Tissue

Recognized as the most atypical connective tissue, it comprises blood cells suspended in liquid plasma.
Plays a critical role in transportation within the cardiovascular system, carrying defense cells, nutrients, and waste.

Covering and Lining Membranes

These membranes are combinations of epithelial and connective tissues covering broad areas within the body.
Types include cutaneous, mucous, and serous membranes.

Skin (Cutaneous Membrane)

The body's outermost layer, serving as a protective barrier.

Mucous Membrane

Lines internal hollow organs open to the body's exterior; typically wet and may secrete mucus.
Composed of an epithelial layer overlying loose connective tissue (lamina propria).

Serous Membranes

Slippery membranes lining closed cavities, such as pleural and peritoneal spaces.
Comprise a simple squamous epithelium over a thin layer of areolar connective tissue.

Muscle and Nervous Tissue

Often categorized as composite tissue due to the presence of areolar connective tissue that supports them.
Rich vascularization characterizes both muscle and nerve tissues.

Muscle Tissues

Composed of muscle fibers capable of contraction; three types include skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.

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Test your knowledge of tissue types with these flashcards from Anatomy Chapter 4. Explore definitions and functions of the four basic tissue types and how they contribute to organ structure. A great tool for mastering this fundamental concept of anatomy.