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Questions and Answers
B cell mechanisms are classified as _____ immunity.
B cell mechanisms are classified as _____ immunity.
antibody-mediated
Macromolecules that induce the immune system to make certain responses are called:
Macromolecules that induce the immune system to make certain responses are called:
antigens
Memory cells:
Memory cells:
become plasma cells when exposed to an antigen
The constant region of the light chain in an antibody consists of _____ amino acids.
The constant region of the light chain in an antibody consists of _____ amino acids.
An immunoglobulin, or antibody molecule, consists of _____ heavy and _____ light polypeptide chains.
An immunoglobulin, or antibody molecule, consists of _____ heavy and _____ light polypeptide chains.
The antibody normally constituting the highest percentage of antibodies in the blood is:
The antibody normally constituting the highest percentage of antibodies in the blood is:
The antibody produced after initial contact with an antigen is:
The antibody produced after initial contact with an antigen is:
The antibody commonly found in tears and saliva is:
The antibody commonly found in tears and saliva is:
The function of which antibody is basically unknown?
The function of which antibody is basically unknown?
The antibody associated with allergic reactions is:
The antibody associated with allergic reactions is:
The major class of antibody present in the mucous membranes of the body is:
The major class of antibody present in the mucous membranes of the body is:
The predominant antibody of a secondary response is:
The predominant antibody of a secondary response is:
The most abundant circulating antibody, the one that normally makes up about 75% of all the antibodies in the blood, is:
The most abundant circulating antibody, the one that normally makes up about 75% of all the antibodies in the blood, is:
Complement can best be described as a(n):
Complement can best be described as a(n):
The complement system can be activated by:
The complement system can be activated by:
According to the clonal selection theory, antigens select lymphocyte clones by:
According to the clonal selection theory, antigens select lymphocyte clones by:
Which of the following can activate complement?
Which of the following can activate complement?
Lymphotoxin is an example of a lymphokine.
Lymphotoxin is an example of a lymphokine.
Specific immunity is controlled by two classes of lymphocytes called:
Specific immunity is controlled by two classes of lymphocytes called:
Which of the following can activate, or turn on, an inactive B cell?
Which of the following can activate, or turn on, an inactive B cell?
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Study Notes
B Cell Immunity
- B cell mechanisms fall under antibody-mediated immunity.
- Memory cells transform into plasma cells upon antigen exposure.
Antigens and Antibodies
- Antigens are macromolecules that stimulate the immune response.
- Each immunoglobulin consists of two heavy and two light polypeptide chains.
Types of Immunoglobulins
- IgG is the most prevalent antibody in the bloodstream, accounting for about 75% of all antibodies.
- IgM is produced following initial exposure to an antigen.
- IgA is commonly found in mucous membranes, tears, and saliva.
- IgD has an undefined function within the immune system.
- IgE is associated with allergic reactions.
- IgG is dominant during secondary immune responses.
Complement System
- Complement consists of enzymes found in the blood that help facilitate immune responses.
- Activation of the complement system can occur via various mechanisms, including the binding of complement proteins to antibodies or pathogens.
Clonal Selection Theory
- According to this theory, lymphocyte clones are selected by antigens based on receptor shapes on the lymphocyte's plasma membrane.
Lymphokines and T Cells
- Lymphokines, such as lymphotoxin, play a role in immune responses.
- Specific immunity is mediated by T cells and B cells.
Activation of B Cells
- An inactive B cell is activated through binding to its specific antigen, prompting an immune response.
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