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Questions and Answers
What is the function of the coronary circulation?
What is the function of the coronary circulation?
Provide a blood supply to the heart
What is the ligament arteriosum?
What is the ligament arteriosum?
A remnant of the ductus arteriosus
What chamber of the heart exits into the pulmonary trunk?
What chamber of the heart exits into the pulmonary trunk?
Right ventricle
Identify the ear-like flaps that are attached to the top chambers of the heart.
Identify the ear-like flaps that are attached to the top chambers of the heart.
The first branch off the arch of the aorta is the brachiocephalic artery in both the sheep and the human.
The first branch off the arch of the aorta is the brachiocephalic artery in both the sheep and the human.
The base of the heart is located at the bottom of the heart.
The base of the heart is located at the bottom of the heart.
Which of the following would increase cardiac output?
Which of the following would increase cardiac output?
Which of the following would decrease stroke volume?
Which of the following would decrease stroke volume?
Calculate stroke volume.
Calculate stroke volume.
Which of the following descriptions does not describe atrioventricular (AV) valves?
Which of the following descriptions does not describe atrioventricular (AV) valves?
Which statement regarding cardiac muscle structure is accurate?
Which statement regarding cardiac muscle structure is accurate?
What does the interatrial septum do?
What does the interatrial septum do?
What do atrioventricular valves do?
What do atrioventricular valves do?
What is an electrocardiogram?
What is an electrocardiogram?
What does tachycardia mean?
What does tachycardia mean?
Why is a patent ductus arteriosus a cause for concern?
Why is a patent ductus arteriosus a cause for concern?
Which of the following abnormalities is not a direct result of right ventricular failure?
Which of the following abnormalities is not a direct result of right ventricular failure?
Which statement is correct regarding the ventricles?
Which statement is correct regarding the ventricles?
Cardiac tamponade results in ineffective pumping of blood by the heart. This is because the excessive amount of fluid in the pericardial cavity will ______.
Cardiac tamponade results in ineffective pumping of blood by the heart. This is because the excessive amount of fluid in the pericardial cavity will ______.
What is the epicardium?
What is the epicardium?
What is myocardium?
What is myocardium?
What is endocardium?
What is endocardium?
What is the parietal layer?
What is the parietal layer?
The parietal pericardium ________.
The parietal pericardium ________.
Pectinate muscles are found in the ________.
Pectinate muscles are found in the ________.
The foramen ovale ________.
The foramen ovale ________.
Which is NOT a vessel that brings blood directly into the right atrium?
Which is NOT a vessel that brings blood directly into the right atrium?
Which valve is located between the right atrium and ventricle?
Which valve is located between the right atrium and ventricle?
The role of the chordae tendineae is to open the AV valves at the appropriate time.
The role of the chordae tendineae is to open the AV valves at the appropriate time.
What does the aortic semilunar valve do?
What does the aortic semilunar valve do?
What does the tricuspid valve do?
What does the tricuspid valve do?
What does the mitral (bicuspid) valve do?
What does the mitral (bicuspid) valve do?
What does the pulmonary semilunar valve do?
What does the pulmonary semilunar valve do?
Which chamber of the heart has the highest probability of being the site of a myocardial infarction?
Which chamber of the heart has the highest probability of being the site of a myocardial infarction?
If the mitral valve is unable to close properly, ________.
If the mitral valve is unable to close properly, ________.
Which heart chamber receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?
Which heart chamber receives oxygenated blood from the lungs?
Arterial blood supply to heart muscle is continuous whether the heart is in systole or diastole.
Arterial blood supply to heart muscle is continuous whether the heart is in systole or diastole.
The left side of the heart pumps the same volume of blood as the right.
The left side of the heart pumps the same volume of blood as the right.
Which coronary artery is most responsible for supplying blood to the myocardial tissue of the left atrium?
Which coronary artery is most responsible for supplying blood to the myocardial tissue of the left atrium?
What does it mean that the left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle?
What does it mean that the left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle?
What is the term for pain associated with deficient blood delivery to the heart?
What is the term for pain associated with deficient blood delivery to the heart?
What effects does the presence of an incompetent tricuspid valve have?
What effects does the presence of an incompetent tricuspid valve have?
What structures connect the individual heart muscle cells?
What structures connect the individual heart muscle cells?
If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from ________.
If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from ________.
If the length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells, ________.
If the length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells, ________.
Compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle has gap junctions that allow it to act as a functional syncytium.
Compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle has gap junctions that allow it to act as a functional syncytium.
What does the QRS wave of the electrocardiogram (ECG) represent?
What does the QRS wave of the electrocardiogram (ECG) represent?
Which structure receives the depolarization wave from the atria?
Which structure receives the depolarization wave from the atria?
What would happen to the SA node if a chemical blocker was used to reduce transport of Na+ into the pacemaker cells?
What would happen to the SA node if a chemical blocker was used to reduce transport of Na+ into the pacemaker cells?
Electrical impulses pass through the conduction system of the heart in the following sequence:
Electrical impulses pass through the conduction system of the heart in the following sequence:
What does the P wave on an electrocardiogram represent?
What does the P wave on an electrocardiogram represent?
In an ischemic heart, the affected cardiac muscle cells are likely to have an altered ______.
In an ischemic heart, the affected cardiac muscle cells are likely to have an altered ______.
Which chambers of the heart contain oxygenated blood?
Which chambers of the heart contain oxygenated blood?
Which of the following is NOT part of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart?
Which of the following is NOT part of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart?
What causes the 'pacemaker potential' of pacemaker cells?
What causes the 'pacemaker potential' of pacemaker cells?
What is the plateau phase of an action potential in cardiac muscle cells due to?
What is the plateau phase of an action potential in cardiac muscle cells due to?
Besides cardiac muscle, what muscle tissue type is involuntary and displays autorhythmicity?
Besides cardiac muscle, what muscle tissue type is involuntary and displays autorhythmicity?
What is the period during the cardiac cycle when the valves leading to and from the ventricles are completely closed?
What is the period during the cardiac cycle when the valves leading to and from the ventricles are completely closed?
At what point in the cardiac cycle is pressure in the ventricles the highest?
At what point in the cardiac cycle is pressure in the ventricles the highest?
During which stage are the aortic and pulmonary valves open?
During which stage are the aortic and pulmonary valves open?
What causes heart sounds?
What causes heart sounds?
Which best describes the isovolumetric contraction phase of the cardiac cycle?
Which best describes the isovolumetric contraction phase of the cardiac cycle?
The first heart sound is caused by __________.
The first heart sound is caused by __________.
Which of the following terms is correctly matched to its description?
Which of the following terms is correctly matched to its description?
As soon as ventricular pressure falls below atrial pressure, the AV valve will open and ventricular filling will begin.
As soon as ventricular pressure falls below atrial pressure, the AV valve will open and ventricular filling will begin.
An abnormal P wave could be indicative of ______.
An abnormal P wave could be indicative of ______.
What does ischemia mean?
What does ischemia mean?
What is the quiescent period?
What is the quiescent period?
What does infarction refer to?
What does infarction refer to?
What is ectopic focus?
What is ectopic focus?
What does fibrillation mean?
What does fibrillation mean?
During the isovolumetric relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle, AV, aortic, and pulmonary valves are closed.
During the isovolumetric relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle, AV, aortic, and pulmonary valves are closed.
Which of the following receive(s) blood during ventricular systole?
Which of the following receive(s) blood during ventricular systole?
When are the atrioventricular (AV) valves closed?
When are the atrioventricular (AV) valves closed?
What happens during the period of ventricular filling?
What happens during the period of ventricular filling?
The second heart sound is heard during which phase of the cardiac cycle?
The second heart sound is heard during which phase of the cardiac cycle?
Which of the following would cause a DECREASE in cardiac output (CO)?
Which of the following would cause a DECREASE in cardiac output (CO)?
Which of the following INCREASES stroke volume?
Which of the following INCREASES stroke volume?
What best describes afterload?
What best describes afterload?
As your skeletal muscles contract during physical activity, what happens to preload?
As your skeletal muscles contract during physical activity, what happens to preload?
Increasing end-diastolic volume (EDV) or end-systolic volume (ESV) will increase stroke volume.
Increasing end-diastolic volume (EDV) or end-systolic volume (ESV) will increase stroke volume.
Which of the following descriptions of cardiac pacemaker cells is INCORRECT?
Which of the following descriptions of cardiac pacemaker cells is INCORRECT?
What could hypercalcemia cause?
What could hypercalcemia cause?
Which of the following cannot trigger tachycardia?
Which of the following cannot trigger tachycardia?
What does a patent ductus arteriosus permit?
What does a patent ductus arteriosus permit?
What does the Frank-Starling Law state?
What does the Frank-Starling Law state?
What is the expected heart rate when a heart is removed from a living body?
What is the expected heart rate when a heart is removed from a living body?
What is a correct statement about cardiac output?
What is a correct statement about cardiac output?
If the vagal nerves to the heart were cut, the result would be that ______.
If the vagal nerves to the heart were cut, the result would be that ______.
How does norepinephrine act on the heart?
How does norepinephrine act on the heart?
What is cardiac reserve?
What is cardiac reserve?
What does bradycardia mean?
What does bradycardia mean?
What does vagal tone refer to?
What does vagal tone refer to?
What happens during hemorrhage with a large loss of blood?
What happens during hemorrhage with a large loss of blood?
Which of the following is NOT an age-related change affecting the heart?
Which of the following is NOT an age-related change affecting the heart?
When released in large quantities, thyroxine causes a sustained increase in heart rate.
When released in large quantities, thyroxine causes a sustained increase in heart rate.
If blood volume decreased dramatically due to massive bleeding, the autonomic nervous system will attempt to maintain cardiac output by increasing the heart rate.
If blood volume decreased dramatically due to massive bleeding, the autonomic nervous system will attempt to maintain cardiac output by increasing the heart rate.
Suppose a patient develops a myocardial infarction that disables the sinoatrial node. Would the heart still pump blood to the aorta and the pulmonary trunk?
Suppose a patient develops a myocardial infarction that disables the sinoatrial node. Would the heart still pump blood to the aorta and the pulmonary trunk?
What structure is most responsible for the synchronized contraction of cardiac muscle tissue?
What structure is most responsible for the synchronized contraction of cardiac muscle tissue?
Trace the pathway of stimulation through the heart. Which of these pathways shows stimulation in the correct order?
Trace the pathway of stimulation through the heart. Which of these pathways shows stimulation in the correct order?
Study Notes
Coronary Circulation and Cardiac Anatomy
- Coronary circulation provides essential blood supply to the heart muscle.
- The ligament arteriosum is a remnant of the ductus arteriosus, linked to fetal circulation.
- Right ventricle is responsible for pumping blood into the pulmonary trunk.
Heart Structure
- Auricles are ear-like flaps attached to the atria, aiding in expansion.
- The interatrial septum divides the two atria, ensuring separate blood flow.
- Pectinate muscles are specific to the atria, providing structural support.
Valvular Function
- Atrioventricular (AV) valves prevent backflow into the atria during ventricular contraction; includes the tricuspid and mitral valves.
- Semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary) ensure blood does not flow back into the ventricles after ejection.
- Chordae tendineae help maintain valve positions but do not actively open AV valves.
Cardiac Cycle
- Stroke volume calculation is key: subtract end-systolic volume (ESV) from end-diastolic volume (EDV).
- Ventricular systole occurs when pressure in the ventricles rises, ejecting blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery.
- Isovolumetric contraction phase features all valves closed while ventricles contract, raising pressure without volume change.
Electrical Activity
- SA node serves as the natural pacemaker, initiating electrical impulses, followed by the AV node and subsequent pathways.
- The QRS wave on an electrocardiogram (ECG) represents ventricular depolarization.
- Abnormalities, such as enlarged atria or altered resting membrane potential, can indicate underlying heart issues.
Cardiac Output and Regulation
- Cardiac output can increase due to factors like epinephrine or physical exercise.
- Afterload refers to the resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood, influenced by arterial pressure.
- Frank-Starling Law indicates that increased end-diastolic volume leads to higher stroke volume.
Heart Conditions and Responses
- Myocardial infarctions commonly occur in the left ventricle due to its thicker muscle and higher workload.
- Bradycardia describes a heart rate slower than normal, potentially harmful if severe.
- Autonomic responses adjust heart rate based on blood volume changes or external stimuli such as hormones.
Miscellaneous Terms
- Angina pectoris is pain due to reduced blood flow to cardiac tissue.
- Fibrillation is described as chaotic heart muscle contractions, leading to ineffective pumping.
- Cardiac reserve indicates the capacity for increased output beyond resting levels during physical activity.
Summary of Cardiovascular Dynamics
- Blood flow dynamics involve continuous supply under varying heart states; contraction phases influence blood movement significantly.
- Gap junctions in cardiac muscle tissue ensure synchronized contractions, essential for effective heart function.
- Thyroxine can significantly impact heart rate when released in high quantities, leading to sustained increases.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge of the heart's anatomy with these flashcards focusing on coronary circulation, ligaments, and heart chambers. Ideal for students studying human anatomy or preparing for exams.
