Anatomy and Physiology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the largest nerve in the body?

  • Radial nerve
  • Median nerve
  • Sciatic nerve (correct)
  • Ulnar nerve

    • What is the condition known as sciatica characterized by?

  • Pain along the distribution of sciatic nerve (correct)
  • Pain along the distribution of median nerve
  • Pain along the distribution of radial nerve
  • Pain along the distribution of ulnar nerve

    • What is the result of dorsiflexion of the foot plus eversion?

  • Calcaneovalgus (correct)
  • Claw hand
  • Winged scapula
  • Equinovarus

    • What is the result of plantar flexed and inverted foot?

    <p>Equinovarus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of injury to the radial nerve?

    <p>Wrist drop</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of injury to the long thoracic nerve?

    <p>Winged scapula</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

    <p>Regulates involuntary actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Supports 'fight-or-flight' responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Takes care of 'rest-and-digest' activities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the enteric part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for?

    <p>Controlling the secretions and movements of the digestive tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of mature neurons?

    <p>Cannot divide and are replaced by fibrous tissue when damaged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of neuropil?

    <p>Forms the space between cells and is formed of neuronal and glial processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the functional unit of the nervous system?

    <p>Neuron with a cell body, axon, and dendrites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of neurons that enables them to produce action potentials?

    <p>Electrical excitability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure formed by the filum terminale and spinal nerves?

    <p>Cauda Equina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for olfaction?

    <p>Olfactory nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the trigeminal nerve?

    <p>Carry sensation from scalp and face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for vision?

    <p>Optic nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

    <p>Hearing and equilibrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cranial nerve is responsible for facial expression?

    <p>Facial nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

    <p>Carry taste sensation from posterior 1/3 of tongue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the abducent nerve attach?

    <p>Between Pons and Medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the hypothalamus?

    <p>To regulate body's internal biological clock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the cerebellum located?

    <p>Inferior to the occipital lobe and posterior to the brainstem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the substantia nigra?

    <p>To produce dopamine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

    <p>To control reflexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central constricted area of the cerebellum?

    <p>Vermis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cavity in the midbrain?

    <p>Cerebral aqueduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the site of decussation of motor tract?

    <p>Pyramids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the cerebellum?

    <p>To coordinate movement and balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve supplies the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles?

    <p>Accessory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the phrenic nerve?

    <p>Supplies the diaphragm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

    <p>31 pairs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the region where the cervical plexus is present?

    <p>Neck region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve arises from the brachial plexus?

    <p>Axillary nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plexus supplies the lower limbs?

    <p>Sacral plexus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the vagus nerve?

    <p>Carries sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nerve supplies the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

    <p>Hypoglossal nerve</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Sciatica and Foot Conditions

    • Sciatica: pain along the distribution of the sciatic nerve, which is the largest nerve in the body
    • Dorsiflexion of the foot plus eversion results in a condition called calcaneovalgus
    • Foot drop: plantar flexed and inverted, a condition called equinovarus

    Injuries to the Brachial Plexus

    • Injury to the superior roots of the brachial plexus (C5-C6): Erb-Duchenne palsy (waiter's tip position)
    • Injury to the radial nerve: wrist drop - inability to extend the wrist and fingers
    • Median nerve palsy: numbness, tingling, and pain in the palm and fingers
    • Ulnar nerve palsy: inability to abduct or adduct fingers, resulting in claw hand
    • Injury to the long thoracic nerve: winged scapula - the arm cannot be abducted beyond the horizontal position

    Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

    • Controls involuntary actions, such as heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure
    • Divided into:
      • Sympathetic: supports exercise of emergency actions, "fight-or-flight" responses
      • Parasympathetic: takes care of "rest-and-digest" activities
      • Enteric: controls secretions and movements of the digestive tract unconsciously

    Nervous Tissue

    • Formed of two types of cells:
      • Neurons (nerve cells)
      • Neuroglia or Glia cells (supporting cells)
    • No extracellular matrix in nervous tissue
    • Space between cells is called neuropil and is formed of the processes of both neurons and glia cells and some fluid
    • Mature neurons cannot divide and are replaced by fibrous tissue if damaged

    Neurons

    • Functional unit of the nervous system, consisting of:
      • Cell body
      • Axon
      • Dendrites
    • Have the capacity to produce action potentials
    • Electrical excitability

    Cerebellum

    • Second-largest part of the brain
    • Located inferior to the occipital lobe and posterior to the brainstem
    • Separated from the brainstem by the 4th ventricle
    • Functions:
      • Coordinates movement
      • Maintains balance on the same side of the body
      • Smooths and coordinates contractions of skeletal muscles
      • Regulates posture and balance

    Brainstem

    • Connects the diencephalon with the spinal cord
    • Formed of three parts: midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
    • Contains several important control centers and the origin of several cranial nerves
    • Relays between the cerebrum and cerebellum

    Peripheral Nervous System

    • Cranial Nerves:
      • Olfactory (I): olfaction (smelling)
      • Optic (II): vision (sight)
      • Oculomotor (III): supply intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the eye
      • Trochlear (IV): supply extrinsic muscle of the eye
      • Trigeminal (V): carries sensation from scalp and face, and supplies muscles of mastication
      • Abducent (VI): supply extrinsic muscle of the eye
      • Facial (VII): supply muscles of facial expression, carry taste sensations, and secretions of tears and saliva
      • Vestibulocochlear (VIII): hearing and equilibrium
      • Glossopharyngeal (IX): supply various muscles, carry taste sensation, and secretions of parotid saliva
      • Vagus (X): supplies various muscles and carries various sensations
      • Accessory (XI): supply sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
      • Hypoglossal (XII): supply intrinsic muscles of the tongue (except palatoglossus)
    • Spinal Nerves:
      • 31 pairs of mixed nerves (sensory and motor)
      • Cervical (C1-C8), thoracic (T1-T12), lumbar (L1-L5), sacral (S1-S5), and coccygeal (C0)
      • A spinal nerve gives off two main branches: anterior ramus and posterior ramus
    • Cervical Plexus:
      • Formed of anterior rami of C1-C4
      • The phrenic nerve (C3,4,5) is an important nerve arising from this plexus, supplying the diaphragm
    • Brachial Plexus:
      • Formed of anterior rami of C5,6,7,8, and T1
      • Supplies the shoulders and upper limbs
      • Important nerves arising from this plexus include:
        • Axillary
        • Musculocutaneous
        • Radial
        • Median
        • Ulnar
    • Lumbar Plexus:
      • Formed of anterior rami of L1-L4
      • Femoral and obturator nerves arise from this plexus
    • Sacral Plexus:
      • Formed of anterior rami of L4-L5 and S1-S4
      • Supplies the buttocks, perineum, and lower limbs

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    Test your knowledge of human anatomy and physiology, covering topics such as the sciatic nerve, foot conditions, and brachial plexus injuries.

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