Anatomy and Physiology Quiz

Podcast Beta

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the largest nerve in the body?

Radial nerve

Median nerve

Sciatic nerve (correct)

Ulnar nerve

What is the condition known as sciatica characterized by?

Pain along the distribution of sciatic nerve (correct)

Pain along the distribution of median nerve

Pain along the distribution of radial nerve

Pain along the distribution of ulnar nerve

What is the result of dorsiflexion of the foot plus eversion?

Calcaneovalgus (correct)

Claw hand

Winged scapula

Equinovarus

What is the result of plantar flexed and inverted foot?

Equinovarus Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of injury to the radial nerve?

Wrist drop Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of injury to the long thoracic nerve?

Winged scapula Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the autonomic nervous system?

Regulates involuntary actions Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system?

Supports 'fight-or-flight' responses Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?

Takes care of 'rest-and-digest' activities Signup and view all the answers

What is the enteric part of the autonomic nervous system responsible for?

Controlling the secretions and movements of the digestive tract Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of mature neurons?

Cannot divide and are replaced by fibrous tissue when damaged Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of neuropil?

Forms the space between cells and is formed of neuronal and glial processes Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional unit of the nervous system?

Neuron with a cell body, axon, and dendrites Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of neurons that enables them to produce action potentials?

Electrical excitability Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure formed by the filum terminale and spinal nerves?

Cauda Equina Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is responsible for olfaction?

Olfactory nerve Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the trigeminal nerve?

Carry sensation from scalp and face Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is responsible for vision?

Optic nerve Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

Hearing and equilibrium Signup and view all the answers

Which cranial nerve is responsible for facial expression?

Facial nerve Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

Carry taste sensation from posterior 1/3 of tongue Signup and view all the answers

Where does the abducent nerve attach?

Between Pons and Medulla Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the hypothalamus?

To regulate body's internal biological clock Signup and view all the answers

Where is the cerebellum located?

Inferior to the occipital lobe and posterior to the brainstem Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the substantia nigra?

To produce dopamine Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

To control reflexes Signup and view all the answers

What is the central constricted area of the cerebellum?

Vermis Signup and view all the answers

What is the cavity in the midbrain?

Cerebral aqueduct Signup and view all the answers

What is the site of decussation of motor tract?

Pyramids Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the cerebellum?

To coordinate movement and balance Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve supplies the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles?

Accessory Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the phrenic nerve?

Supplies the diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

31 pairs Signup and view all the answers

What is the region where the cervical plexus is present?

Neck region Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve arises from the brachial plexus?

Axillary nerve Signup and view all the answers

Which plexus supplies the lower limbs?

Sacral plexus Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the vagus nerve?

Carries sensations Signup and view all the answers

Which nerve supplies the intrinsic muscles of the tongue?

Hypoglossal nerve Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Sciatica and Foot Conditions

Sciatica: pain along the distribution of the sciatic nerve, which is the largest nerve in the body
Dorsiflexion of the foot plus eversion results in a condition called calcaneovalgus
Foot drop: plantar flexed and inverted, a condition called equinovarus

Injuries to the Brachial Plexus

Injury to the superior roots of the brachial plexus (C5-C6): Erb-Duchenne palsy (waiter's tip position)
Injury to the radial nerve: wrist drop - inability to extend the wrist and fingers
Median nerve palsy: numbness, tingling, and pain in the palm and fingers
Ulnar nerve palsy: inability to abduct or adduct fingers, resulting in claw hand
Injury to the long thoracic nerve: winged scapula - the arm cannot be abducted beyond the horizontal position

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

Controls involuntary actions, such as heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood pressure
Divided into:
- Sympathetic: supports exercise of emergency actions, "fight-or-flight" responses
- Parasympathetic: takes care of "rest-and-digest" activities
- Enteric: controls secretions and movements of the digestive tract unconsciously

Nervous Tissue

Formed of two types of cells:
- Neurons (nerve cells)
- Neuroglia or Glia cells (supporting cells)
No extracellular matrix in nervous tissue
Space between cells is called neuropil and is formed of the processes of both neurons and glia cells and some fluid
Mature neurons cannot divide and are replaced by fibrous tissue if damaged

Neurons

Functional unit of the nervous system, consisting of:
- Cell body
- Axon
- Dendrites
Have the capacity to produce action potentials
Electrical excitability

Cerebellum

Second-largest part of the brain
Located inferior to the occipital lobe and posterior to the brainstem
Separated from the brainstem by the 4th ventricle
Functions:
- Coordinates movement
- Maintains balance on the same side of the body
- Smooths and coordinates contractions of skeletal muscles
- Regulates posture and balance

Brainstem

Connects the diencephalon with the spinal cord
Formed of three parts: midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
Contains several important control centers and the origin of several cranial nerves
Relays between the cerebrum and cerebellum

Peripheral Nervous System

Cranial Nerves:
- Olfactory (I): olfaction (smelling)
- Optic (II): vision (sight)
- Oculomotor (III): supply intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the eye
- Trochlear (IV): supply extrinsic muscle of the eye
- Trigeminal (V): carries sensation from scalp and face, and supplies muscles of mastication
- Abducent (VI): supply extrinsic muscle of the eye
- Facial (VII): supply muscles of facial expression, carry taste sensations, and secretions of tears and saliva
- Vestibulocochlear (VIII): hearing and equilibrium
- Glossopharyngeal (IX): supply various muscles, carry taste sensation, and secretions of parotid saliva
- Vagus (X): supplies various muscles and carries various sensations
- Accessory (XI): supply sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
- Hypoglossal (XII): supply intrinsic muscles of the tongue (except palatoglossus)
Spinal Nerves:
- 31 pairs of mixed nerves (sensory and motor)
- Cervical (C1-C8), thoracic (T1-T12), lumbar (L1-L5), sacral (S1-S5), and coccygeal (C0)
- A spinal nerve gives off two main branches: anterior ramus and posterior ramus
Cervical Plexus:
- Formed of anterior rami of C1-C4
- The phrenic nerve (C3,4,5) is an important nerve arising from this plexus, supplying the diaphragm
Brachial Plexus:
- Formed of anterior rami of C5,6,7,8, and T1
- Supplies the shoulders and upper limbs
- Important nerves arising from this plexus include:
  - Axillary
  - Musculocutaneous
  - Radial
  - Median
  - Ulnar
Lumbar Plexus:
- Formed of anterior rami of L1-L4
- Femoral and obturator nerves arise from this plexus
Sacral Plexus:
- Formed of anterior rami of L4-L5 and S1-S4
- Supplies the buttocks, perineum, and lower limbs

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

Test your knowledge of human anatomy and physiology, covering topics such as the sciatic nerve, foot conditions, and brachial plexus injuries.