Anatomy and Physiology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which structures form the roof of the nasal cavity?

  • Lateral cartilage, frontal bone, nasal bone
  • Frontal bone, ethmoid bone, sphenoid bone (correct)
  • Maxillary bone, ethmoid bone, superior concha
  • Sphenoid bone, palatine bone, maxillary bone

    • What separates the right and left sides of the nasal cavity?

  • Hard palate
  • Nasal conchae
  • Nasal meatus
  • Nasal septum (correct)

    • Which bone contributes to the floor of the nasal cavity?

  • Hard palate (correct)
  • Palatine bone
  • Maxillary bone
  • Sphenoid bone

    • Which term describes the bony protrusions within the nasal cavity that create grooves?

    <p>Turbinates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the nasal conchae?

    <p>Increase airflow resistance to warm and humidify air (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormone is mainly responsible for regulating calcium levels in the blood?

    <p>Parathyroid hormone (PTH) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a hallmark symptom associated with long-term stressors?

    <p>Hypothermia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do glucocorticoids have on bodily metabolism?

    <p>They enhance the breakdown of fats and proteins into serum glucose. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Addison's disease is characterized by which of the following?

    <p>Generalized hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormones are secreted by the innermost cortical layer of the adrenal glands?

    <p>Androgens and Estrogens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a function of insulin in the body?

    <p>Inhibits fat storage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by excessive levels of aldosterone?

    <p>Hyperaldosteronism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical characteristic is commonly noted in patients with Addison's disease?

    <p>Bronze tone of the skin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the large intestine?

    <p>Absorption of water (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which duct joins with the cystic duct to form the common bile duct?

    <p>Common hepatic duct (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does bile from the common bile duct primarily drain?

    <p>The duodenum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the gallbladder to contract, releasing bile?

    <p>Cholecystokinin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining structural characteristic of the jejunum compared to the ileum?

    <p>Wider lumen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outer covering of the jejunum that suspends it from the abdominal wall?

    <p>Mesentery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anatomical position of the pancreas in relation to the stomach?

    <p>Posterior and adjacent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which portion is part of the pancreas structure?

    <p>Neck (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of the small intestine?

    <p>Duodenum, jejunum, ileum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the liver's function?

    <p>It processes and detoxifies food substances for the blood. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the gallbladder?

    <p>To store and concentrate bile (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the small intestine structurally arranged?

    <p>It is a C-shaped tube divided into four portions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the duodenum from the other segments of the small intestine?

    <p>It is the first portion to receive bile and pancreatic secretions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a lobe of the liver?

    <p>Cystic lobe (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the small intestines' structure?

    <p>It is retroperitoneal. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the shape and length of the duodenum?

    <p>C-shaped tube, 25 cm long (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the pulmonary arteries?

    <p>Deliver oxygen-poor blood to the lungs for oxygenation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which volume represents the amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after resting tidal volume?

    <p>Inspiratory reserve volume (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the average tidal volume in milliliters?

    <p>500 ml (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is pleurisy?

    <p>Inflammation of the pleura (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure covers the external surface of the lungs?

    <p>Visceral pleura (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much air is typically contained in the expiratory reserve volume?

    <p>1100 ml (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of pleural fluid?

    <p>To provide lubrication to the pleura (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the initial phase of pulmonary ventilation?

    <p>Inspiration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the broad ligament in the female reproductive system?

    <p>It supports the uterus and contains blood vessels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase do primary oocytes stop their development?

    <p>Prophase of meiosis I (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the thecal cells in the ovarian cycle?

    <p>They produce estrogens with granulosa cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is not a segment of the uterine tubes?

    <p>Ovary (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes a primordial follicle?

    <p>A primary oocyte and surrounding follicle cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what stage does atresia occur concerning primordial follicles?

    <p>Before birth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the uterus?

    <p>Support and nourishment of a developing embryo. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of the cervical canal?

    <p>It is a constricted passageway leading to the uterine cavity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the ovarian cycle at puberty?

    <p>Rising FSH levels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is lined with cilia to assist in egg transport?

    <p>Uterine tubes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of hormones for the developing follicles?

    <p>Thecal and granulosa cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many primordial follicles do ovaries have at birth?

    <p>About 2 million (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the number of primary oocytes by puberty?

    <p>It decreases to about 400,000. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ligaments support the uterus?

    <p>Cardinal ligaments (A), Broad ligaments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Blood

    • Liquid connective tissue part of the cardiovascular system
    • Maintains homeostasis in a living organism
    • Average adult blood = 7-9% of body weight
    • Male blood volume - 5-6 liters
    • Female blood volume - 4-5 liters
    • Arterial blood red color due to oxygenated hemoglobin (Hgb)
    • Blood functions: transport, protection, regulation
      • Transport: oxygen from lungs to tissues
      • Protection: prevents blood loss after injury via clotting; host defense via antibody production
      • Regulation: maintains hemostasis in body fluids, controls pH, regulates osmotic pressure (albumin), and body temperature dissipation
    • Plasma: liquid portion of blood
      • Composition:
        • Water (90%): solvent for nutrients transport
        • Plasma proteins (synthesized by hepatocytes):
          • Albumin: maintains blood volume and pressure
          • Globulins: carries fat-soluble vitamins (ADEK) and is part of antibodies (immunoglobulins)
          • Fibrinogen: involved in blood clotting
        • Plasma electrolytes (ions):
          • Cations (positive): Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+
          • Anions (negative): Cl-, phosphate, iodide
        • Nutrients and waste products: glucose, amino acids, phospholipids, triglycerides, free fatty acids, cholesterol; lactic acid, nitrogenous wastes (urea)
        • Gases and buffers: oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide

    Formed Elements

    • Whole cells and cell fragments
      • Red blood cells (RBC) / erythrocytes
        • Average count: Male - 5.5 million/cu.mm, Female - 4.8 million/cu.mm
        • Size - 7 micrometers
        • Biconcave disc shape for large surface area for gas diffusion
        • Anucleated (no nucleus)
        • No cytoplasmic organelles (mitochondria, ER): cannot reproduce
        • Contains hemoglobin (Hgb) for oxygen transport, giving blood its red color
        • Strong and flexible plasma membrane for squeezing through capillaries
        • Lifespan - 120 days; removed by macrophages in spleen
        • Physiology (gas exchange in capillaries):
          • In lungs: oxygen binds to heme iron portion of Hgb forming oxyhemoglobin
          • In tissues: Hgb releases oxygen to cells; carbon dioxide from cells binds to globin forming carbaminohemoglobin
          • In lungs: carbon dioxide is released by hemoglobin
      • White blood cells (WBC) / leukocytes
        • 5,000-10,000/cubic mm of blood
        • Has nucleus
        • No hemoglobin
        • Larger than RBC
        • Combats pathogens via phagocytosis and immune response
        • Types:
          • Granular: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
          • Agranular: lymphocytes, monocytes
      • Platelets / thrombocytes
        • 150,000-400,000/cubic mm of blood
        • Disk-shaped cell fragments
        • No nucleus
        • Lifespan - 7-8 days
        • Involved in hemostasis

    RBC Disorders

    • Anemia: reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood
    • Hemophilia: inherited clotting deficiency

    WBC Disorders

    • Various disorders affecting WBC count and function mogą lead to different complications

    Bloodstream

    • As RBC ages, plasma membrane degrades, making them permeable and prone to rupture. Macrophages in the spleen and liver engulf remnants, and components are recycled.

    Formed Elements Values

    • Hemoglobin (Hgb):
      • Male - 14-16 gm
      • Female - 12-14 gm
    • Hematocrit (Hct):
      • Male - 45-52%
      • Female - 37-48%

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    Blood PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the structures of the nasal cavity, the roles of various hormones, and the function of different organs in the body. This quiz encompasses key concepts in anatomy and physiology, including the impact of stress hormones and digestive system functions.

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