Anatomy and Physiology Quiz

The periosteum is a tough, fibrous membrane that covers the outer surface of bones, excluding the articular surfaces. It's responsible for bone growth, repair, and nourishment.

The diaphysis is the long, cylindrical shaft of a long bone.

The articular surfaces are the smooth, cartilage-covered ends of bones that form joints.

Bones are living tissues that require a constant supply of blood to sustain their cells and functions.

The periosteum contains blood vessels that penetrate the bone through small channels called Volkmann's canals. These canals help to distribute blood throughout the bone.

The occipital bone is located at the back of the skull. It contains the foramen magnum, which allows the spinal cord to connect to the brain. It also articulates with the first cervical vertebra (C1) and contains the mastoid process and the external auditory meatus.

Fontanels are soft spots on a baby's skull where the bones haven't yet fused together. They allow the baby's head to mold during birth and accommodate brain growth.

The deltoid muscle is a large, triangular muscle that covers the shoulder joint like a shoulder pad. It helps to abduct (raise) the arm and rotate it.

The quadriceps femoris is a group of four muscles: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius. They're located on the front of the thigh and their main function is to extend the leg at the knee.

Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that is released from the neuron's membrane in response to a nerve impulse. It triggers muscle contraction by binding to receptors on the muscle fiber.

The olecranon process is a bony projection at the back of the elbow. It's part of the ulna bone and forms the point of the elbow.

Curare is a toxin that blocks the action of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. This prevents nerve impulses from reaching the muscle fibers, causing paralysis.

The carpals are a group of eight small bones located in the wrist that connect the forearm to the hand. They allow for a wide range of motion in the wrist.

The pectoralis major is a large, fan-shaped muscle that covers the chest. It helps with pushing, pulling, and rotating the arm.

The clavicle is a bone in the shoulder that connects the arm to the ribcage. It is not part of the lower extremities.

The buccinator muscle is responsible for flattening the cheek and helping to position food between the teeth during chewing.

The occipital bone is located at the back of the skull and contains the foramen magnum, the opening that allows the spinal cord to connect to the brain.

The mandible is the lower jawbone, and it is the only movable bone in the skull. It articulates with the temporal bones to form the temporomandibular joint, which allows for chewing and talking.

The clavicle is a bone in the shoulder that helps connect the arm to the ribcage. It is not part of the lower extremities.

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a hinge joint that connects the mandible (lower jaw) to the temporal bone of the skull. It allows for complex movements such as chewing, talking, and yawning.

Muscle relaxation occurs when calcium ions (Ca2+) are pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of muscle cells. This reduces the concentration of Ca2+ in the sarcoplasm, causing the detachment of myosin from actin and muscle fibers to relax.

The intercostal muscles are located between the ribs and help with breathing movements by altering the volume of the chest cavity. They are crucial for inhalation and exhalation.

The rectus abdominis, transversus abdominis, internal oblique, and external oblique are the four main muscles of the abdominal wall. They work together to support the abdomen, control movement, and help with breathing.

Both the hallux (big toe) and the pollex (thumb) are classified as 'great toes' in their respective limbs, representing the most prominent digit in each.

The lower limbs consist of the hip, thigh, leg, and foot. The scapula is a bone located in the shoulder, part of the upper limbs.

A suture is a fibrous joint that joins the bones of the skull. It is not a long bone marking.

The biceps brachii muscle is located on the anterior surface of the humerus. It helps to flex the forearm at the elbow.

The coxal bone is part of the pelvic girdle, not the vertebral column. It is formed by the fusion of three bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis.

The hamstrings are a group of muscles in the lower extremities, NOT involved in breathing. They extend the thigh and flex the knee.

Endochondral ossification is the process of bone formation from a cartilage model. It is responsible for the formation of most bones in the body.

The sphenoid bone is a butterfly-shaped bone that forms part of the base of the skull. It is not a bone marking.

The maxillary bone is located in the upper jaw and forms the roof of the mouth and the floor of the nasal cavity. It's not a long bone.

The zygomatic bone is located in the cheek. It is not a long bone.

The tibial tuberosity is a bony bump on the front of the tibia, just below the knee joint. It’s the attachment point for the patellar ligament, which connects the patella (kneecap) to the tibia. The tibial tuberosity is essential for knee extension, as it transmits forces from the quadriceps muscles to the tibia.

The ulna forms the medial (little finger) side of the forearm. It’s the longer of the two bones in the forearm and has a prominent projection on the proximal end called the olecranon process (the point of the elbow).

The tarsal bones are a group of seven short bones that form the ankle and the hindfoot. They are the talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, and three cuneiform bones. These bones support the weight of the body and provide flexibility and mobility to the foot.

The flexor carpi radialis and flexor carpi ulnaris muscles are located in the forearm on the palmar (palm) side. They are involved in flexing the wrist (bending the hand toward the forearm). The flexor carpi radialis flexes the wrist toward the radius (thumb side), and flexor carpi ulnaris flexes the wrist toward the ulna (little finger side).

Osteoblasts are bone-building cells responsible for synthesizing and depositing new bone matrix. Osteoclasts are bone-resorbing cells that break down bone tissue, releasing calcium into the bloodstream. Osteocytes are mature bone cells that maintain the bone tissue and help regulate bone remodeling. Osseous tissue refers to the connective tissue that makes up bone.

The tibiofemoral joint is the knee joint. The hip joint is the articulation between the femur and the pelvis. The glenohumeral joint is the shoulder joint, where the humerus (upper arm bone) meets the scapula (shoulder blade). The humeroulnar joint is the elbow joint, connecting the humerus with the ulna.

The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a network of membrane-bound tubules within muscle fibers that stores and releases calcium ions. Calcium ions are crucial for muscle contraction, as they bind to troponin, initiating the sliding filament mechanism.

The trapezius muscle is a large, flat muscle that covers the upper back and neck. It is responsible for many activities like lifting the scapula (shoulder blade), rotating the scapula, extending the head, and pulling the head back. By contracting the trapezius muscle, it causes the shoulder blades to move closer to the midline, mimicking the position of a scarecrow.