Anatomy and Physiology Quiz

Epithelial Tissue

• The primary function of epithelial tissue is protection and secretion.

Homeostasis

• Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment.

Anatomical Planes

• The three anatomical planes are the sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes.

Directional Terms

• Anterior refers to toward the front of the body.
• Posterior refers to toward the back of the body.
• Medial refers to closer to the midline of the body.
• Lateral refers to away from the midline of the body.

Anatomical Position

• The anatomical position is important in the study of anatomy.

Nervous System

• Oligodendrocytes produce myelin in the central nervous system (CNS).
• Sensory (afferent) neurons carry impulses toward the central nervous system.
• The dendrites of a neuron receive incoming signals, while the axon conducts impulses away from the cell body.

Brain Structures

• The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements and balance.
• The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis and regulates endocrine function.
• The medulla oblongata regulates vital functions like heart rate and breathing.
• The thalamus is a relay station for sensory impulses.

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

• CSF flows through the central nervous system.

Blood

• Plasma, red blood cells, and platelets are components of blood.
• Leukocytes are involved in immune response, not oxygen transport.
• Hematocrit is the percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells.

Blood Cells

• Erythrocytes are responsible for oxygen transport.
• Leukocytes are involved in immune response.
• Platelets are involved in blood clotting.

Cardiovascular System

• The pulmonary circuit carries blood from the heart to the lungs.
• The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta.
• The mitral valve prevents backflow of blood into the left atrium.

Heart Function

• Systole is the contraction phase of the heart.
• Diastole is the relaxation phase of the heart.
• Tachycardia is an abnormally fast heart rate.
• Bradycardia is an abnormally slow heart rate.

Electrocardiogram (EKG)

• An EKG is a record of the electrical activity of the heart.

Respiratory System

• The diaphragm is the primary muscle involved in respiration.
• External respiration refers to gas exchange between the lungs and the atmosphere.
• Inspiration and expiration refer to the process of air moving into and out of the lungs.

Respiratory Structures

• Alveoli are the site of gas exchange.
• The trachea is an air passageway to the lungs.
• Bronchi are air passageways that branch from the trachea into the lungs.
• The larynx is involved in voice production.

Mechanics of Breathing

• Breathing involves pressure and volume changes in the thoracic cavity.

Digestive System

• The liver is an accessory digestive organ.
• Peristalsis involves the rhythmic contraction of muscles to move food along the digestive tract.
• The building blocks of proteins are amino acids.

Digestive Processes

• Ingestion is the intake of food.
• Digestion is the breakdown of food into smaller molecules.
• Absorption is the uptake of nutrients by body cells.
• Defecation is the removal of indigestible substances from the body.

Mechanical and Chemical Digestion

• Mechanical digestion involves physical breakdown of food, such as chewing.
• Chemical digestion involves the breakdown of food into smaller molecules using enzymes.

Epithelial Tissue

• The primary function of epithelial tissue is protection and secretion.

Homeostasis

• Homeostasis refers to the body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment.

Anatomical Planes

• The three anatomical planes are the sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes.

Directional Terms

• Anterior refers to toward the front of the body.
• Posterior refers to toward the back of the body.
• Medial refers to closer to the midline of the body.
• Lateral refers to away from the midline of the body.

Anatomical Position

• The anatomical position is important in the study of anatomy.

Nervous System

• Oligodendrocytes produce myelin in the central nervous system (CNS).
• Sensory (afferent) neurons carry impulses toward the central nervous system.
• The dendrites of a neuron receive incoming signals, while the axon conducts impulses away from the cell body.

Brain Structures

• The cerebellum coordinates voluntary movements and balance.
• The hypothalamus maintains homeostasis and regulates endocrine function.
• The medulla oblongata regulates vital functions like heart rate and breathing.
• The thalamus is a relay station for sensory impulses.

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

• CSF flows through the central nervous system.

Blood

• Plasma, red blood cells, and platelets are components of blood.
• Leukocytes are involved in immune response, not oxygen transport.
• Hematocrit is the percentage of blood volume occupied by red blood cells.

Blood Cells

• Erythrocytes are responsible for oxygen transport.
• Leukocytes are involved in immune response.
• Platelets are involved in blood clotting.

Cardiovascular System

• The pulmonary circuit carries blood from the heart to the lungs.
• The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta.
• The mitral valve prevents backflow of blood into the left atrium.

Heart Function

• Systole is the contraction phase of the heart.
• Diastole is the relaxation phase of the heart.
• Tachycardia is an abnormally fast heart rate.
• Bradycardia is an abnormally slow heart rate.

Electrocardiogram (EKG)

• An EKG is a record of the electrical activity of the heart.

Respiratory System

• The diaphragm is the primary muscle involved in respiration.
• External respiration refers to gas exchange between the lungs and the atmosphere.
• Inspiration and expiration refer to the process of air moving into and out of the lungs.

Respiratory Structures

• Alveoli are the site of gas exchange.
• The trachea is an air passageway to the lungs.
• Bronchi are air passageways that branch from the trachea into the lungs.
• The larynx is involved in voice production.

Mechanics of Breathing

• Breathing involves pressure and volume changes in the thoracic cavity.

Digestive System

• The liver is an accessory digestive organ.
• Peristalsis involves the rhythmic contraction of muscles to move food along the digestive tract.
• The building blocks of proteins are amino acids.

Digestive Processes

• Ingestion is the intake of food.
• Digestion is the breakdown of food into smaller molecules.
• Absorption is the uptake of nutrients by body cells.
• Defecation is the removal of indigestible substances from the body.

Mechanical and Chemical Digestion

• Mechanical digestion involves physical breakdown of food, such as chewing.
• Chemical digestion involves the breakdown of food into smaller molecules using enzymes.

Review questions covering epithelial tissue, homeostasis, and anatomical planes. Test your knowledge of anatomy and physiology concepts!