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Questions and Answers
Which of the following regions is located in the upper right section of the abdomen?
Which of the following regions is located in the upper right section of the abdomen?
The term 'axillary' refers to which anatomical location?
The term 'axillary' refers to which anatomical location?
Which of the following is NOT a major element found in the human body?
Which of the following is NOT a major element found in the human body?
What type of chemical bond is formed by the sharing of electrons?
What type of chemical bond is formed by the sharing of electrons?
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Which property of water allows it to act as a temperature buffer?
Which property of water allows it to act as a temperature buffer?
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A reaction that breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones and releases energy is best described as:
A reaction that breaks down larger molecules into smaller ones and releases energy is best described as:
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A solution where the solvent is alcohol is called a(n):
A solution where the solvent is alcohol is called a(n):
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The sternal region is located on which part of the body?
The sternal region is located on which part of the body?
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What type of feedback mechanism accelerates the process of childbirth?
What type of feedback mechanism accelerates the process of childbirth?
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Which cavity contains the brain?
Which cavity contains the brain?
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Which of the following best describes the study of physiology?
Which of the following best describes the study of physiology?
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Which level of organization lists the components in the correct order, from smallest to largest?
Which level of organization lists the components in the correct order, from smallest to largest?
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Which organ system is primarily responsible for movement of the body?
Which organ system is primarily responsible for movement of the body?
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What does homeostasis refer to in the human body?
What does homeostasis refer to in the human body?
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In the anatomical position, how should the palms and toes be oriented?
In the anatomical position, how should the palms and toes be oriented?
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Which term is used to describe a position that is closer to the point of attachment?
Which term is used to describe a position that is closer to the point of attachment?
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What anatomical plane divides the body into front and back portions?
What anatomical plane divides the body into front and back portions?
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Considering anatomical terminology, which of the following is a pair of directional terms that refer to locations closer to and further away from the surface of the skin?
Considering anatomical terminology, which of the following is a pair of directional terms that refer to locations closer to and further away from the surface of the skin?
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Which directional term describes a structure that is towards the midline of the body?
Which directional term describes a structure that is towards the midline of the body?
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If a doctor states, 'the wound is superior to the knee,' what does this imply?
If a doctor states, 'the wound is superior to the knee,' what does this imply?
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Which of the following anatomical regions is located on the back of the body?
Which of the following anatomical regions is located on the back of the body?
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In chemistry, what is the term for a substance that is present in a smaller amount in a solution and is being dissolved?
In chemistry, what is the term for a substance that is present in a smaller amount in a solution and is being dissolved?
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Which of the following best describes the relationship between anatomy and physiology?
Which of the following best describes the relationship between anatomy and physiology?
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What type of chemical bond is characterized by the attraction between oppositely charged ions?
What type of chemical bond is characterized by the attraction between oppositely charged ions?
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Considering the levels of organization in the human body, which of the following sequences is in the correct order from smallest to largest?
Considering the levels of organization in the human body, which of the following sequences is in the correct order from smallest to largest?
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Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes?
Which of the following best describes the role of enzymes?
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Which organ system is responsible for the production and release of hormones?
Which organ system is responsible for the production and release of hormones?
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Which of the following physiological responses best demonstrates the concept of homeostasis?
Which of the following physiological responses best demonstrates the concept of homeostasis?
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What is the primary function of the negative feedback system in the body?
What is the primary function of the negative feedback system in the body?
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In the anatomical position, a person's arms are described as being:
In the anatomical position, a person's arms are described as being:
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Which of these regions is located in the lower left division of the abdomen?
Which of these regions is located in the lower left division of the abdomen?
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What is the term for the total chemical reactions that occur in an organism, including both energy-releasing and energy-absorbing processes?
What is the term for the total chemical reactions that occur in an organism, including both energy-releasing and energy-absorbing processes?
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The term 'distal' is used to describe a position that is:
The term 'distal' is used to describe a position that is:
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Which of the following is a major mineral element found in the human body?
Which of the following is a major mineral element found in the human body?
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Which of the following anatomical planes divides the body into upper and lower sections?
Which of the following anatomical planes divides the body into upper and lower sections?
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If something is described as being 'anterior' to another structure, it is located:
If something is described as being 'anterior' to another structure, it is located:
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What is the pH range that is considered normal for the human body?
What is the pH range that is considered normal for the human body?
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Which body cavity contains the lungs?
Which body cavity contains the lungs?
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The term 'superficial' is used to describe a structure that is:
The term 'superficial' is used to describe a structure that is:
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What does the term 'central' refer to in anatomical terms?
What does the term 'central' refer to in anatomical terms?
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Anatomy is the study of how the body functions, while physiology is the study of the body's structures.
Anatomy is the study of how the body functions, while physiology is the study of the body's structures.
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Tissues are made up of multiple organs working together.
Tissues are made up of multiple organs working together.
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The endocrine system is responsible for the transport of blood throughout the body.
The endocrine system is responsible for the transport of blood throughout the body.
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Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a static internal environment regardless of external changes.
Homeostasis is the body's ability to maintain a static internal environment regardless of external changes.
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In the anatomical position, the palms of the hands are directed backward.
In the anatomical position, the palms of the hands are directed backward.
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The term 'lateral' refers to a position that is closer to the midline of the body.
The term 'lateral' refers to a position that is closer to the midline of the body.
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A transverse plane divides the body into right and left portions.
A transverse plane divides the body into right and left portions.
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The term 'proximal' describes a body part that is further from the point of attachment.
The term 'proximal' describes a body part that is further from the point of attachment.
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The central region of the body refers to areas such as the arms and legs.
The central region of the body refers to areas such as the arms and legs.
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The frontal plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts.
The frontal plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts.
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The right lumbar region is located near the right lung.
The right lumbar region is located near the right lung.
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The brachial region refers to the upper arm.
The brachial region refers to the upper arm.
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The vertebral cavity is part of the ventral cavity.
The vertebral cavity is part of the ventral cavity.
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Carbon is the most abundant element in the human body.
Carbon is the most abundant element in the human body.
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An atom's ability to enter a chemical reaction is influenced by the number of electrons in its innermost shell.
An atom's ability to enter a chemical reaction is influenced by the number of electrons in its innermost shell.
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Covalent bonds are weaker than ionic bonds.
Covalent bonds are weaker than ionic bonds.
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Catabolism is a process that absorbs energy to build larger molecules from smaller ones.
Catabolism is a process that absorbs energy to build larger molecules from smaller ones.
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A pH of 7.50 indicates that the body would be considered in an acidic state.
A pH of 7.50 indicates that the body would be considered in an acidic state.
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Positive feedback mechanisms work to maintain homeostasis by counteracting changes in the body.
Positive feedback mechanisms work to maintain homeostasis by counteracting changes in the body.
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In a solution, the solvent is the substance that is being dissolved.
In a solution, the solvent is the substance that is being dissolved.
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Study Notes
Anatomy and Physiology Definitions
- Anatomy: The branch of science that studies the structure of the body (the design of the body).
- Physiology: The branch of science that describes how the body functions (how the body works).
Levels of Organization
- Atoms
- Molecules
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Organ Systems
- Human Organism
Major Organ Systems
- Integumentary
- Skeletal
- Muscular
- Nervous
- Endocrine
- Circulatory
- Lymphatic
- Immune
- Respiratory
- Digestive
- Urinary
- Reproductive
Homeostasis
- The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment in response to a changing external environment.
- Examples: Shivering to produce heat when cold, sweating to cool down when hot.
- Maintaining body temperature is an important example of homeostasis.
Anatomical Position
- Standing erect, face forward, arms at sides, palms and toes forward.
- A reference point for describing body locations. Anatomical position is the mirror image to the viewer’s position.
Relative Positions
- Superior/Inferior: Above/below
- Anterior/Posterior: Front/back
- Medial/Lateral: Towards the middle/towards the side
- Proximal/Distal: Closer to point of attachment/further from point of attachment
- Superficial/Deep: Surface/inside
- Central/Peripheral: Center (e.g., brain)/outer regions (e.g., arms, legs)
Planes of the Body
- Sagittal: Divides the body lengthwise into right and left portions.
- Frontal: Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions.
- Transverse: Divides the body horizontally into upper and lower portions.
Body Quadrants and Regions
- Quadrants: Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ), Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ), Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ), Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)
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Regions:
- Right hypochondriac (right lung)
- Right lumbar (spine)
- Right iliac (near iliac crest, waist)
- Epigastric (heartburn area)
- Umbilical (navel)
- Hypogastric (pubic bone, gas in lower abdomen)
- Left hypochondriac (left lung)
- Left lumbar (spine)
- Left iliac (near iliac crest, waist)
Body Directional Terms (anterior and posterior)
-
Anterior (front) Terms
- Cranial - head
- Orbital - eye
- Cervical - neck and/or spine
- Sternal - sternum
- Axillary - armpit
- Brachial - upper arm
- Antecubital - front of elbow
- Abdominal - abdomen
- Flank - side
- Umbilical - navel (umbilicus)
- Pubic - pubis
- Inguinal - groin
- Patellar - kneecap
- Pedal - foot
- Digital - fingers
-
Posterior (back) Terms
- Deltoid - shoulder
- Scapular - shoulder blade
- Lumbar - lower back
- Caudal - tailbone
- Gluteal - buttock
- Popliteal - back of knee
Body Cavities
-
Dorsal cavity: Houses the brain and spinal cord.
- Cranial cavity (brain)
- Spinal (vertebral) cavity (spinal cord)
-
Ventral cavity: Houses the internal organs (viscera).
- Thoracic cavity:
- Pleural cavities (lungs)
- Mediastinum (heart, esophagus, trachea)
- Abdominopelvic cavity:
- Abdominal cavity (stomach, most of the intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen, and kidneys)
- Pelvic cavity (remainder of the intestines, rectum, and internal parts of the reproductive system)
- Divisions of the abdominopelvic cavity: Four quadrants, nine regions
- Thoracic cavity:
Week 1 Learning Outcomes (Chapter 2)
-
Importance of basic chemistry: Understanding basic chemistry is crucial for recognizing and addressing imbalances in body pH and overall chemical homeostasis. Recognizing imbalances is essential.
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Elements, compounds, atoms, molecules: Elements are matter composed of atoms. Two or more atoms joined form a molecule, and a combination of different types of atoms forms a compound. Atoms are the smallest unit of an element with the element's chemical characteristics.
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Major elements/mineral elements: Oxygen (65%, most abundant), Carbon (18%), Hydrogen (9.5%), Nitrogen (3.2%), Calcium, Potassium, Sodium, and Iron are essential mineral elements.
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Atomic structure and chemical reactions: Atoms have a nucleus containing protons and neutrons, with electrons orbiting in shells. The arrangement of electrons in the outermost shell (valence shell) dictates how an atom forms bonds and interacts in chemical reactions.
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Chemical bonds:
- Ionic bonds (strongest): Opposite charges attract.
- Covalent bonds (strong): Formed by shared electrons.
- Hydrogen bonds (weakest): Formed by partial charges attracting to one another.
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Polarity of water: Water is a polar molecule due to uneven charge distribution, influencing its properties. Water, as a polar molecule, is essential to life.
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Water's importance in life: Water's properties as a universal solvent, temperature regulator, lubricant, crucial component in chemical reactions, and protective mechanism (shock absorber) are vital for life functions.
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Basic chemical reactions (metabolism): Metabolism is the sum of all biochemical reactions in an organism, including both catabolism (breaking down molecules to release energy) and anabolism (building larger molecules requiring energy).
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pH scale and its relationship to acids, bases, and salts: pH measures acidity (low pH) or alkalinity (high pH). A normal human body pH range is 7.35-7.45. Maintaining a narrow pH range is vital.
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Negative feedback: Also called the buffer system, negative feedback reverses a process to maintain homeostasis, for instance, lowering glucose levels when they are elevated. It also regulates body temperature.
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Positive feedback: Positive feedback accelerates an existing process, as with childbirth contractions.
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Radiant energy: Radiant energy is emitted by any object with a temperature above 0°C.
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Mixtures & Solutions: Mixtures combine substances physically; a solution dissolves a solute (smaller amount) in a solvent (larger amount). Aqueous solutions use water as a solvent and tinctures use alcohol.
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Description
This quiz explores key concepts in anatomy and physiology, including definitions, levels of organization, and major organ systems. Test your understanding of homeostasis and anatomical positions to see how well you know the human body's structure and function.
