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Questions and Answers
Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?
Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?
What is the primary structure of a protein?
What is the primary structure of a protein?
What can cause denaturation in proteins?
What can cause denaturation in proteins?
How are phospholipids arranged in a cell membrane?
How are phospholipids arranged in a cell membrane?
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What type of bond exists between amino acids in a protein?
What type of bond exists between amino acids in a protein?
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Which statement describes fibrous proteins?
Which statement describes fibrous proteins?
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Which level of protein structure refers to the arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains?
Which level of protein structure refers to the arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains?
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What role does protein conformation change play in muscle contraction?
What role does protein conformation change play in muscle contraction?
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What type of tissue primarily composes subcutaneous fat?
What type of tissue primarily composes subcutaneous fat?
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Which part of the hair contains the only living cells?
Which part of the hair contains the only living cells?
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What is the composition of the cuticle, the outermost layer of hair?
What is the composition of the cuticle, the outermost layer of hair?
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Which type of sweat gland is particularly found in the groin, anal region, and areola?
Which type of sweat gland is particularly found in the groin, anal region, and areola?
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What type of muscle is responsible for making hair stand up (goosebumps)?
What type of muscle is responsible for making hair stand up (goosebumps)?
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What type of growth occurs from within the metaphyses of long bones?
What type of growth occurs from within the metaphyses of long bones?
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What marks the site of the original epiphyseal plate once growth stops?
What marks the site of the original epiphyseal plate once growth stops?
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How do apocrine sweat glands release their secretions?
How do apocrine sweat glands release their secretions?
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Which mechanism contributes to the thickness of bones throughout a person's life?
Which mechanism contributes to the thickness of bones throughout a person's life?
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What is the primary role attributed to apocrine sweat glands?
What is the primary role attributed to apocrine sweat glands?
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What type of lamellae is produced by appositional growth?
What type of lamellae is produced by appositional growth?
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What type of nerve fibers entwines around hair follicles?
What type of nerve fibers entwines around hair follicles?
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What is the role of osteoclasts in bone remodeling?
What is the role of osteoclasts in bone remodeling?
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How does the marrow cavity change as a bone increases in diameter?
How does the marrow cavity change as a bone increases in diameter?
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What percentage of skeletal tissue is replaced annually through remodeling?
What percentage of skeletal tissue is replaced annually through remodeling?
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What does calcitonin primarily do in the body?
What does calcitonin primarily do in the body?
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What are the two main components of the matrix of osseous tissue?
What are the two main components of the matrix of osseous tissue?
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Which component gives bone its flexibility and tensile strength?
Which component gives bone its flexibility and tensile strength?
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What is the primary structural organization of an osteon?
What is the primary structural organization of an osteon?
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What term refers to the remnants of old osteons found between newer osteons?
What term refers to the remnants of old osteons found between newer osteons?
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How do nutrients and waste enter and leave bone tissue?
How do nutrients and waste enter and leave bone tissue?
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What is the structural significance of the helical arrangement of collagen fibers in bone?
What is the structural significance of the helical arrangement of collagen fibers in bone?
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What do the spaces in spongy bone filled with bone marrow indicate?
What do the spaces in spongy bone filled with bone marrow indicate?
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What are perforating (Volkmann) canals primarily responsible for?
What are perforating (Volkmann) canals primarily responsible for?
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What type of cells are responsible for the formation of new bone matrix?
What type of cells are responsible for the formation of new bone matrix?
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Which of the following hormones do osteoblasts secrete?
Which of the following hormones do osteoblasts secrete?
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What role do osteocytes play concerning mechanical stress on bone?
What role do osteocytes play concerning mechanical stress on bone?
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Lacunae in bone tissue primarily serve to house which type of cell?
Lacunae in bone tissue primarily serve to house which type of cell?
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What is the primary factor that stimulates osteogenic cells to multiply rapidly?
What is the primary factor that stimulates osteogenic cells to multiply rapidly?
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What are canaliculi in bone tissue?
What are canaliculi in bone tissue?
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What is a key difference between osteoclasts and osteoblasts?
What is a key difference between osteoclasts and osteoblasts?
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What is the main function of the S phase in the cell cycle?
What is the main function of the S phase in the cell cycle?
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Which statement accurately describes the relationship between osteocytes and the bone matrix?
Which statement accurately describes the relationship between osteocytes and the bone matrix?
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Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by the final checks of DNA replication before cell division?
Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by the final checks of DNA replication before cell division?
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During which phase does a cell undergo nuclear division and form two daughter cells?
During which phase does a cell undergo nuclear division and form two daughter cells?
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What does the G0 phase describe?
What does the G0 phase describe?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of mitosis?
Which of the following is NOT a function of mitosis?
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What are the four phases of mitosis?
What are the four phases of mitosis?
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What is histology primarily concerned with?
What is histology primarily concerned with?
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Which statement correctly distinguishes connective tissue from epithelial tissue?
Which statement correctly distinguishes connective tissue from epithelial tissue?
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Study Notes
Anatomy and Physiology
- Anatomy: The study of the structure of the body.
-
Examples of studying human anatomy:
- Dissection
- Imaging techniques (MRI, CT scans)
- Comparative anatomy
- Gross Anatomy: Involves structures visible to the naked eye.
- Histology: The study of tissues.
- Cytology: The study of cells.
- Physiology: The study of the body's function.
- Subdisciplines of physiology: Study of specific systems (e.g., cardiovascular physiology) or processes in general.
Scientific Method
- Inductive Method: Making generalizations based on observations. Primarily used in anatomical studies.
- Hypothetico-Deductive Method: Formulating hypotheses and conducting experiments to test them. Primarily used in physiological studies.
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Key Terms:
- Hypothesis: A testable prediction.
- Sample size: Number of subjects in a study.
- Controls: Groups used for comparison in an experiment.
- Placebo: A substance with no therapeutic effect used as a control.
Human Structure
-
Hierarchy of Complexity:
- Atoms → Molecules → Organelles → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism
- Organism: An individual living being.
- Organ System: A group of organs working together for a specific function.
- Organ: A structure composed of two or more tissue types working together for a function.
- Tissue: A group of similar cells with a shared function.
- Cell: The basic unit of life.
- Organelles: Structures within a cell that perform specific functions.
- Molecules: Groups of atoms bonded together.
- Atoms: The smallest unit of matter.
Human Function
- Properties of Life: Organization, cellular composition, metabolism, responsiveness, movement, homeostasis, development, reproduction, and evolution.
- Living Things: Exhibit higher organization than the non-living world, composed of cells.
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Metabolism: The sum of all chemical reactions in the body.
- Anabolism: Building up complex molecules.
- Catabolism: Breaking down complex molecules.
- Responsiveness: Ability to sense and react to stimuli.
- Movement: Organisms move internally and externally.
- Homeostasis: Ability to maintain stable internal conditions.
- Development: Differentiation or transformation of generalized cells into specialized cells, and growth, increase in size.
- Reproduction: Producing copies of oneself and passing on genes.
- Evolution: Genetic change from generation to generation.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology through this quiz. Learn about the structure and function of the human body as well as key methods used in scientific studies. From gross anatomy to histology, this quiz covers essential concepts and terminology.
