Anatomy and Physiology Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which part of a phospholipid is hydrophilic?

  • Fatty acid tails
  • Glycerol backbone
  • Phosphate group (correct)
  • All of the above

What is the primary structure of a protein?

  • The coiling into alpha-helices
  • The sequence of amino acids (correct)
  • The arrangement of multiple chains
  • The overall three-dimensional shape

What can cause denaturation in proteins?

  • Extreme heat (correct)
  • High carbohydrate intake
  • Low oxygen levels
  • Low concentration of amino acids

How are phospholipids arranged in a cell membrane?

<p>Tail-to-tail (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond exists between amino acids in a protein?

<p>Peptide bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement describes fibrous proteins?

<p>They are elongated and strand-like. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of protein structure refers to the arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains?

<p>Quaternary structure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does protein conformation change play in muscle contraction?

<p>It facilitates movement through sliding filament mechanisms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue primarily composes subcutaneous fat?

<p>Adipose tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the hair contains the only living cells?

<p>Bulb (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of the cuticle, the outermost layer of hair?

<p>Keratinized cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of sweat gland is particularly found in the groin, anal region, and areola?

<p>Apocrine sweat glands (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle is responsible for making hair stand up (goosebumps)?

<p>Smooth muscle (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of growth occurs from within the metaphyses of long bones?

<p>Interstitial growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What marks the site of the original epiphyseal plate once growth stops?

<p>Epiphyseal line (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do apocrine sweat glands release their secretions?

<p>By exocytosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism contributes to the thickness of bones throughout a person's life?

<p>Appositional growth (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role attributed to apocrine sweat glands?

<p>Scent production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of lamellae is produced by appositional growth?

<p>Circumferential lamellae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of nerve fibers entwines around hair follicles?

<p>Sensory receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of osteoclasts in bone remodeling?

<p>They dissolve old bone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the marrow cavity change as a bone increases in diameter?

<p>Expands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of skeletal tissue is replaced annually through remodeling?

<p>10% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does calcitonin primarily do in the body?

<p>Decreases blood calcium levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main components of the matrix of osseous tissue?

<p>Organic and inorganic matter (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component gives bone its flexibility and tensile strength?

<p>Collagen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary structural organization of an osteon?

<p>A central canal and surrounding lamellae (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to the remnants of old osteons found between newer osteons?

<p>Interstitial lamellae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do nutrients and waste enter and leave bone tissue?

<p>Via blood vessels in central and perforating canals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structural significance of the helical arrangement of collagen fibers in bone?

<p>Enhances the bone's strength and resilience (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do the spaces in spongy bone filled with bone marrow indicate?

<p>Support for hematopoiesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are perforating (Volkmann) canals primarily responsible for?

<p>Connecting central canals to each other (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells are responsible for the formation of new bone matrix?

<p>Osteoblasts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following hormones do osteoblasts secrete?

<p>Osteocalcin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do osteocytes play concerning mechanical stress on bone?

<p>They detect mechanical stress and signal bone remodeling. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lacunae in bone tissue primarily serve to house which type of cell?

<p>Osteocytes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that stimulates osteogenic cells to multiply rapidly?

<p>Mechanical stress and fractures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are canaliculi in bone tissue?

<p>Tiny channels that connect lacunae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between osteoclasts and osteoblasts?

<p>Osteoclasts are found in resorption bays; osteoblasts are not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the S phase in the cell cycle?

<p>The cell duplicates its centrioles and nuclear DNA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes the relationship between osteocytes and the bone matrix?

<p>Some osteocytes resorb bone matrix while others deposit it. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by the final checks of DNA replication before cell division?

<p>G2 phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which phase does a cell undergo nuclear division and form two daughter cells?

<p>M phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the G0 phase describe?

<p>Cells that are temporarily inactive or permanently non-dividing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of mitosis?

<p>Production of gametes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four phases of mitosis?

<p>Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is histology primarily concerned with?

<p>The study of tissues (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly distinguishes connective tissue from epithelial tissue?

<p>Epithelial tissue serves specific functions based on its type. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is S phase?

The phase of the cell cycle where DNA replication occurs.

What is G2 phase?

The phase after DNA replication, where the cell prepares for mitosis.

What is M phase?

The phase where the cell divides into two daughter cells.

What is interphase?

The phase of the cell cycle where the cell grows and prepares for division, including G1, S, and G2.

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What is G0 phase?

A state where cells stop dividing and enter a non-dividing state.

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What is histology?

The study of tissues.

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What is a tissue?

A group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function.

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What are the four primary tissues?

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissues.

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What is Subcutaneous fat?

Subcutaneous fat is the hypodermis, primarily composed of adipose tissue.

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What are the functions of Subcutaneous fat?

Subcutaneous fat serves three main purposes: energy storage, insulation, and cushioning.

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What are the accessory organs of the skin?

The accessory organs of the skin include hair, nails, and cutaneous glands.

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What is a pilus?

A pilus is simply a hair.

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What are the three zones of a hair?

The three zones of a hair are the bulb (base), root (within the follicle), and shaft (above the skin).

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What surrounds the hair bulb and what does it provide?

The dermal papilla surrounds the hair bulb and provides nutrients to the living cells.

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Name the different layers of a hair in cross section.

The layers of a hair in cross section are the medulla (innermost), cortex (middle), and cuticle (outermost).

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Why do hairs stand on end during goosebumps?

Piloerector muscles (arrector pili), bundles of smooth muscle cells, contract causing the hair to stand on end.

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Phospholipids: Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Parts

Phospholipids have a phosphate head and two fatty acid tails. The phosphate head is hydrophilic (attracted to water), while the fatty acid tails are hydrophobic (repelled by water).

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Phospholipid Function

Phospholipids form the cell membrane, which serves as a barrier between the inside and outside of the cell, regulating what enters and exits.

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Phospholipid Arrangement

Phospholipids arrange themselves in a bilayer within the cell membrane. The hydrophilic heads face the watery environment inside and outside the cell, while the hydrophobic tails are tucked away in the middle.

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Protein Structure: Primary

The primary structure of a protein refers to the linear sequence of amino acids that make up the polypeptide chain. It's like the alphabet of the protein.

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Protein Structure: Secondary

The secondary structure of a protein refers to the folding or coiling of the polypeptide chain into alpha-helices and beta-pleated sheets. It involves hydrogen bonding between backbone atoms.

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Protein Structure: Tertiary

The tertiary structure of a protein refers to the overall three-dimensional shape of a single polypeptide chain, determined by interactions between amino acid side chains.

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Protein Structure: Quaternary

The quaternary structure of a protein refers to the arrangement of multiple polypeptide chains (subunits) into a functional protein complex. It's like putting together building blocks.

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Protein Denaturation

Denaturation is the loss of a protein's functional three-dimensional structure (conformation). This can be caused by extreme heat or pH changes.

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Osteoblasts

Bone-forming cells that synthesize the bone matrix, found on the bone surface.

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Osteocytes

Former osteoblasts trapped within the bone matrix they deposited, located in lacunae.

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Lacunae

Small cavities within the bone matrix that house osteocytes.

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Canaliculi

Tiny channels that connect lacunae, allowing communication and exchange between osteocytes.

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Osteoclasts

Bone-dissolving cells found on the bone surface, derived from blood marrow stem cells.

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Resorption Bays (Howship's Lacunae)

Pits on the bone surface where osteoclasts reside and carry out bone resorption.

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Bone Remodeling

A continuous process involving the coordinated action of osteoblasts (building) and osteoclasts (breaking down) to maintain bone strength and calcium homeostasis.

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What stimulates osteogenic cells to multiply?

Stress and fractures stimulate osteogenic cells to multiply rapidly, leading to increased bone formation.

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What makes bone a composite material?

Bone is a composite material because it combines two distinct structural materials: a ceramic (hydroxyapatite and other minerals) and a polymer (collagen).

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What is the role of collagen in bone?

Collagen provides bone with flexibility and tensile strength. It allows bone to bend and resist pulling forces.

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What happens to bone without calcium salts?

Bone becomes soft and bends easily without sufficient calcium salts. The ceramic component provides hardness and rigidity.

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What are lamellae in bone?

Lamellae are thin, concentric layers of bone matrix that are arranged around a central canal. They resemble onion rings.

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What is an osteon?

An osteon is the basic structural unit of compact bone. It consists of a central canal surrounded by concentric lamellae.

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How do nutrients and waste reach bone cells?

Nutrients and waste are transported through the blood vessels within the central and perforating canals, and diffuse through the canaliculi.

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What is spongy bone?

Spongy bone is a lattice-like structure composed of thin plates called trabeculae. It is lighter and less dense than compact bone.

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What is osteogenesis?

Osteogenesis, or ossification, is the process of bone formation, where new bone tissue is created.

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What is interstitial growth?

Interstitial growth refers to the growth of cartilage from within the metaphyses, where new cartilage is produced within the existing cartilage matrix.

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What happens in appositional growth?

Appositional growth is the process of bone growth in diameter or thickness, involving the deposition of new bone tissue on the surface of existing bone.

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How is appositional growth similar to intramembranous ossification?

Both processes involve the addition of new layers of bone matrix on the surface. They lay down matrix in layers parallel to the surface, not in cylindrical osteons; this process produces circumferential lamellae.

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What is the function of osteoclasts?

Osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption, the process of dissolving bone and releasing minerals back into the blood.

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What do osteoblasts do?

Osteoblasts are bone-building cells that synthesize and secrete the organic matrix of bone tissue, which is then mineralized to form hard bone.

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What is Wolff's Law?

Wolff's Law states that bone grows and remodels in response to the forces placed upon it.

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How does mineral deposition occur in bone?

Mineral deposition involves a crystallization process in which calcium, phosphate, and other ions from the blood plasma are deposited in bone tissue, primarily as crystals of hydroxyapatite.

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What is ectopic ossification?

Ectopic ossification refers to the abnormal calcification of tissues outside of normal bone formation sites.

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Study Notes

Anatomy and Physiology

  • Anatomy: The study of the structure of the body.
  • Examples of studying human anatomy:
    • Dissection
    • Imaging techniques (MRI, CT scans)
    • Comparative anatomy
  • Gross Anatomy: Involves structures visible to the naked eye.
  • Histology: The study of tissues.
  • Cytology: The study of cells.
  • Physiology: The study of the body's function.
  • Subdisciplines of physiology: Study of specific systems (e.g., cardiovascular physiology) or processes in general.

Scientific Method

  • Inductive Method: Making generalizations based on observations. Primarily used in anatomical studies.
  • Hypothetico-Deductive Method: Formulating hypotheses and conducting experiments to test them. Primarily used in physiological studies.
  • Key Terms:
    • Hypothesis: A testable prediction.
    • Sample size: Number of subjects in a study.
    • Controls: Groups used for comparison in an experiment.
    • Placebo: A substance with no therapeutic effect used as a control.

Human Structure

  • Hierarchy of Complexity:
    • Atoms → Molecules → Organelles → Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ Systems → Organism
  • Organism: An individual living being.
  • Organ System: A group of organs working together for a specific function.
  • Organ: A structure composed of two or more tissue types working together for a function.
  • Tissue: A group of similar cells with a shared function.
  • Cell: The basic unit of life.
  • Organelles: Structures within a cell that perform specific functions.
  • Molecules: Groups of atoms bonded together.
  • Atoms: The smallest unit of matter.

Human Function

  • Properties of Life: Organization, cellular composition, metabolism, responsiveness, movement, homeostasis, development, reproduction, and evolution.
  • Living Things: Exhibit higher organization than the non-living world, composed of cells.
  • Metabolism: The sum of all chemical reactions in the body.
    • Anabolism: Building up complex molecules.
    • Catabolism: Breaking down complex molecules.
  • Responsiveness: Ability to sense and react to stimuli.
  • Movement: Organisms move internally and externally.
  • Homeostasis: Ability to maintain stable internal conditions.
  • Development: Differentiation or transformation of generalized cells into specialized cells, and growth, increase in size.
  • Reproduction: Producing copies of oneself and passing on genes.
  • Evolution: Genetic change from generation to generation.

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Description

Explore the fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology through this quiz. Learn about the structure and function of the human body as well as key methods used in scientific studies. From gross anatomy to histology, this quiz covers essential concepts and terminology.

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