Anatomy and Physiology Overview

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Questions and Answers

Which system is responsible for the production and distribution of blood throughout the body?

  • Respiratory system
  • Digestive system
  • Nervous system
  • Circulatory system (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a component of the skeletal system?

  • Bones
  • Muscles (correct)
  • Joints
  • Cartilage

What structures are included in the endocrine system?

  • Heart and blood vessels
  • Ductless glands (correct)
  • Kidneys and bladder
  • Lungs and trachea

Which major organ system is primarily responsible for gas exchange in the body?

<p>Respiratory system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following systems includes the mouth and intestines?

<p>Digestive system (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does physiology primarily study?

<p>How organs work independently and together (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In anatomical position, which of the following is correct?

<p>Standing erect with feet pointed slightly apart (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which body plane divides the body into anterior and posterior sections?

<p>Coronal Plane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes a structure located towards the head end of a body?

<p>Superior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the term 'medial' in anatomy?

<p>Closer to the midline of the body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What anatomical term is used to refer to the palm of the hand?

<p>Palmar (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe a structure that is farther away from the trunk?

<p>Distal (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs of terms are both directional terms used in anatomy?

<p>Inferior and Caudal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What position describes lying down face up?

<p>Supine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following body cavities contains the urinary bladder?

<p>Pelvic cavity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity includes the gallbladder?

<p>Right upper quadrant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the integumentary system?

<p>Regulating body temperature and protecting against infection (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ is found in the mediastinal space?

<p>Thymus gland (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the lateral position?

<p>Lying on one side (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is included in the left upper quadrant?

<p>Spleen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which system is primarily responsible for coordinating body activities?

<p>Nervous system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which quadrant would you find the terminal ileum?

<p>Right lower quadrant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organ system is involved in removing waste products from the blood?

<p>Urinary system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which one of these is the primary role of the respiratory system?

<p>Exchanging gases between the body and environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the largest cavity within the human body?

<p>Abdominal cavity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the endocrine system?

<p>Regulating body functions through hormones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Anatomy

The study of an organism's structure, including size, shape, construction, and organ positions.

Physiology

The study of how an organism's functions, focusing on how organs work individually and together.

Anatomical Position

A standardized body posture where a person stands erect, facing forward, feet slightly apart, arms hanging down with palms forward.

Median Plane

A vertical plane dividing the body into equal left and right halves.

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Sagittal Plane

Any vertical plane parallel to the median plane.

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Coronal Plane

A vertical plane that divides the body into front and back portions.

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Transverse Plane

A horizontal plane that divides the body into upper and lower portions.

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Superior

Referring to a structure closer to the head or above another structure.

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Lesser curvature

The inner, shorter portion of a curved structure.

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Erect position

Standing or sitting upright.

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Supine position

Lying down face up.

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Prone position

Lying down on the stomach, face down.

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Lateral position

Lying down on one side.

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Cranial cavity

Contains the brain and pituitary gland.

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Spinal cavity

Contains the spinal cord.

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Pleural cavities

Each contains one lung.

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Pericardial cavity

Contains the heart.

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Mediastinal space

Contains the thymus gland, trachea, esophagus, bronchi, etc.

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Abdominal cavity

Contains the stomach, liver, gallbladder, etc.

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Pelvic cavity

Contains the urinary bladder, sex organs, etc.

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Right upper quadrant

Contains the liver, gallbladder, part of the small intestine, etc.

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Left upper quadrant

Contains the stomach, spleen, part of the liver, etc.

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Right lower quadrant

Contains the appendix, part of the small intestine, etc.

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Skeletal System

The framework of the body, made up of bones, cartilage, joints, and connective tissue.

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Muscular System

Consists of three types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. These muscles allow for movement, maintain posture, and regulate bodily functions.

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Nervous System

The body's control center, made up of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. It receives, processes, and transmits information.

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Digestive System

The process of breaking down food into smaller molecules for absorption. It includes the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and accessory organs.

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Circulatory System

The transport system of the body, composed of the heart (pump), blood vessels (pipes), blood (delivery truck), and lymphatic tissues (recycling center).

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Study Notes

Anatomy and Physiology Overview

  • Anatomy is the study of the structure of an organism, including size, shape, construction, and organ positions.
  • Physiology is the study of the functions of an organism, how organs work independently and as a whole.

Anatomical Position

  • Anatomical position: Person stands erect, facing forward, feet forward and apart, arms hanging down, palms forward. A standardized view for consistent anatomical descriptions.

Body Planes

  • Median plane: Divides the body into right and left halves.
  • Sagittal plane: Divides the body parallel to the median plane.
  • Coronal (frontal) plane: Divides the body into front and back portions.
  • Transverse plane: Divides the body into upper and lower portions.
  • Oblique plane: Divides the body at an angle.

Directional Terms

  • Superior: Above
  • Inferior: Below
  • Anterior: Front
  • Posterior: Back
  • Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment
  • Distal: Farther from the point of attachment
  • Medial: Toward the midline
  • Lateral: Away from the midline
  • Internal: Inside
  • External: Outside
  • Deep: Further from the surface
  • Superficial: Closer to the surface
  • Central: Located in the center
  • Peripheral: Located towards the outside
  • Parietal: Referring to the membrane lining the body cavity.
  • Visceral: Referring to the membrane covering the organs.
  • Cephalic: Referring to the head.
  • Caudal: Referring to the tail or tail end.
  • Palmar: Referring to the palm of the hand.
  • Plantar: Referring to the sole of the foot.
  • Greater curvature: Outer and longer portion of a curved structure.
  • Lesser curvature: Inner and shorter portion of a curved structure.
  • Erect: Standing or sitting upright.
  • Supine: Lying face up (dorsal recumbent position, for anterior surgeries).
  • Prone: Lying face down
  • Lateral: Lying on one side

Body Regions

  • Head: Contains brain, components of mouth, nose, eyes, ears, and glands.
  • Trunk: Includes neck, back, chest, abdomen, pelvis, perineum and vital organs.
  • Limbs: Include arms, legs, hands, and feet (non-essential for life).

Body Cavities

  • Cranial cavity: Houses the brain and pituitary gland.
  • Spinal cavity: Contains spinal cord.
  • Pleural cavities: Contain one lung each.
  • Pericardial cavity: Contains the heart.
  • Mediastinal space: Contains the thymus gland, trachea, esophagus, bronchi, ends of the vena cavae, beginning of the aorta.
  • Abdominal cavity: Holds the stomach, liver, gallbladder, spleen, pancreas, most of the intestines, kidneys.
  • Pelvic cavity: Houses the urinary bladder, sex organs, part of the large intestine (cecum, appendix, rectum).

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

  • Right upper quadrant (RUQ): Part of the small intestine, upper ascending colon, most of the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, head of the pancreas, right adrenal gland, right kidney, upper part of the right ureter.
  • Left upper quadrant (LUQ): Ascending part of the duodenum, upper descending colon, left half transverse colon, spleen, small part of the liver, left adrenal gland, left kidney, upper part of the left ureter, stomach.
  • Right lower quadrant (RLQ): Lower ascending colon, cecum, appendix, lower right ureter, terminal ileum, part of the urinary bladder, sex organs.
  • Left lower quadrant (LLQ): Lower descending colon, small intestine (part of ileum), part of the urinary bladder, sex organs.

Body Structure Organization

  • Cell: Fundamental unit
  • Tissue: Group of cells
  • Organ: Group of tissues
  • Organ system: Group of organs
  • Organism: Complete living entity

Major Organ Systems

  • Integumentary system: External protection, temperature regulation, sensation, waste excretion
  • Skeletal system: Support and protection
  • Muscular system: Movement and support
  • Nervous system: Coordination and communication
  • Special senses: Sight, smell, hearing, and taste
  • Digestive system: Processes food
  • Circulatory system: Transports materials
  • Respiratory system: Gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
  • Urinary system: Waste removal
  • Reproductive system: Reproduction
  • Endocrine system: Regulation through hormones
  • Immune system: Defense against disease

Organ System Components

  • Integumentary: Skin, hair, nails, glands
  • Skeletal: Bones, joints, cartilage, connective tissue
  • Muscular: Skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles
  • Nervous: Brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves
  • Special Senses: Eyes, ears, nose, taste buds
  • Digestive: Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, accessory organs
  • Circulatory: Heart, blood vessels, blood, lymph tissues
  • Respiratory: Lungs, nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea
  • Urinary: Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
  • Reproductive: Sex organs and ducts
  • Endocrine: Ductless glands
  • Immune: White blood cells, antibodies

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